Szabolcs-Szatmár-Beregi levéltári évkönyv 13. (Nyíregyháza, 1999)

Helytörténeti tanulmányok - Irodalomtörténeti tanulmányok - Tálas Anikó: Czóbel Minka és Büttner Helén barátsága

consolidation of holdings new property relations, disadvantageous to large crowds of peasants, came into being. The consolidation was originally intended to identify and separate the lands of the landlords and those of the serfs. The problem was worsened by the free peasants' large-scale loss of lands. This loss of property was a result of usurious loans the peasants had to use in lack of any normal and reasonable bank loans. Purchasing new property was seriously hampered by the high proportion of bound feudal estates that could not be freely sold and bought. Out of the methods regarded as useful and feasible by the government, the present paper deals with the measures aimed at improving and transformation of crop growing and animal husbandry. The government offered the peasants the possibility of renting property in order to increase the area of cultivated lands. Efforts were made to distribute imported live stock among the peasants at privileged prices. Disseminating knowledge and expertise and establishing model farms were intended to spread agricultural production methods matching the local natural environment and climate. The government regarded the transformation of farming and agricultural production as a means of improving living standards and of preventing social and ethnic unrest. Jozsef Sallai AGE GROUPS AT SCHOOL IN SZABOLCS-SZATMAR COUNTY AFTER 1945 New generations acquired the theoretical and practical skills necessary for life in the framework of family education for a long time. Since the rate of increase of the amount of information and knowledge exceeded the rate of the changing of generations, it became necessary to improve the methods of transferring knowledge from one generation to the next. The significance of school education increased in parallel with increasing industrialization and urbanization. 1945 is not the beginning of this process, but it is an important milestone. Szabolcs-Szatmar county occupied the not very impressive last position in terms of educational statistics in 1941. Establishing new schools, introducing new school types and expanding the educational system in general was a particularly urgent task in our county, much more so, than anywhere else in the country. The period between 1945 and 1960 was a chapter of our history of education that affected the life of a high number of people, attracting whole age groups to schools. Illiteracy reduced by more than 50% in fifteen years. The number of people finishing elementary school successfully was four times higher than at the end of the Second World War. The number of people passing secondary school leaving exams doubled, and that of those graduating from college or university almost one and a half times higher. New educational centres came into being, and young people were able to choose from 16 secondary institutions instead of 11. Higher education was also introduced into the county, as two new colleges were created. Looking back on the way behind us and surveying the educational institutions (elementary schools, adult education institutions, secondary schools, vocational schools and various courses) offer a good