Fazekas Éva: A fekete leves, a kávéfőzés története, időszaki kiállítás, 2010. április 23 - 2010. október 25, a Magyar Kereskedelmi és Vendéglátóipari Múzeum, a Magyar Műszaki és Közlekedési Múzeum és a Fazekas & Kimmel Gyűjtemény közös időszaki kiállítása (Budapest, Magyar Kereskedelmi és Vendéglátóipari Múzeum, 2010)

Éva Vámos: STEAM, WATER, VACUUM

The predecessors of household machines have served in the catering industry. Luigi Bezzera prepared designs for manufacturing coffee machines with steam pressure as soon as in 1901. Desiderio Pavoni started the serial manufacture of coffee machines for the catering industry using these designs, in the 1920s the steam-pressure technology appeared in Hungary too. The café Spolarich was the first to "set to work" the legendary machine La Pavoni with such great success that it must certainly have brought back its price abundantly in a few months. In the meantime the machines of high capacity had to be further improved as after being able to make coffee of excellent quality with the so-called "Kotyogó" ("clucking") machine at home, guests expected the same standard in coffee houses. The most famous improver, Achille Gaggia started manufacturing machines equipped with spring-controlled batteries of cocks for the catering industry, continuing and strengthening the century-old coffee-making traditions of his homeland. The Italian representatives have been leading the field of this special branch of industry till today. In the manufacture and improvement of coffee machines competition among Italians has been enormous since the early 1900s. Between new improvements sometimes months have elapsed only. Bezzera's patent of 1901 has been adapted to serial production by Desiderio Pavoni, founder of today's manufacture of the coffee machines "La Pavoni". His machine that could prepare 150 cups of coffee an hour became world famous at the Milan exhibition of 1906. The ancient model "Ideale" is no more produced by La Pavoni founded in Milan in 1901, however manual mechanisms have been maintained with various types. Besides a number of automats traditional machines with levers have been produced as well (Europiccola, Schneider kávégép, 1930-asévek Schneider coffee machine, 1930s Professional, Stradivari, Romantica). A copy of Professional is shown at the Museum of Modern Arts in New York. By 1920 the output of the machines of different firms became 1000 cups/hour. 98