Dr. Szabó Lajos: A magyar ifjúság testi nevelésének története (A Sportmúzeum Kincsei 5. Budapest, 2004)

A filantropisták jelentősége a testnevelés iskolai tantárggyá válásában

PHYLANTROPISM has developed from the pedagogical effects of the British, French and German Enlightenment and played an important role in accepting PE. as a school subject and in working out its theoretical and practical basis. The works of phylanthropists were greatly influenced by the famous Swiss "reform"-educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1825), who consequently declared that social injustice can be counterbalanced by making education universal. In case of PE. he and his colleagues worked out new gymnastic exercises executed for commands. Until that time only fencing and horseriding formed part of individual education of mainly aristocratic youths. In his work Elementargymnastik the use of gymnastic exercises were supported by anatomical knowledge. But beside the gymnastic exercises he did not ignore the role of other physical activities in education, such as games, skating, wrestling, fencing and dance. The first phylanthropium (new type educating school) was opened by Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724-1790) with the support of the Prince of Dessau, in 1774. The works of Johann Simon, Christian Gotthilf Salzmann, Gerhard Anton Vieth and mainly Johann Christoph Cuts-Muths (cited later many times) had decisive roles in developing school PE. to be a subject. Three main groups can be divided within their motion-elements: - games: to develop the personality of the children (105 different games are presented in the Gamebook of Guts-Muths, making difference between developing attention, imagination, intellect, taste and physical state) - work-exercises developing manual skills: these exercises were based on motion elements to be acquired later as occupations - gymnastic exercises: the aim of it was to increase the trainedness, power and endurance of the body (the group of exercises were: jumps, runs, throws, wrestling, dance, marching exercises, swimming, etc.) They have recognized the motivational power of competition in pedagogy. Gymnastik fur die Jugend bi Cuts-Muths published in 1793 had the greatest effect on the companions and on the educators of later centuries. The importance of phylanrophists had greater effects on Physical Education, than on education or on other areas of culture. Physical Education has become part of school education as a result of their activities. Its acknowledgement and obligatory teaching in certain types of schools resulted only in the second half of the 19th century.