Műemlékállományunk bővülése, új műemlékfajták (Az Egri Nyári Egyetem előadásai 1987 Eger, 1987)

Nováki Gyula: Őskori és középkori földvárak Magyarországon

One of the reasons for this is that these 18th century schemes were usually related to particular industires, or the industrial activities of a big landowner and were as a result subsidized, not only by the owner but also by the Royal Chamber of Commerce. Secondly, with the development of Capitalism 100-150 years later, these estates developed as a result of extensive industrial development. There were naturally similar estates that developed all over the Habsburg Empire. Industrial working class families lived in these colonies and the sense of continutiy that this created can be demonstrated even now. As we have already mentioned, Weissbach and Mackowsky mainly wrote about West European estates in England, France and Germany, but they also mention Polish examples too. It is no mere coincidence that we have devoted so much attention to this, but we have clear evidence to show that Hungarian architects were highly interested in what was happening on the international scene. One of the attractions of the Paris World Exhibitions of 1866 und 1867 were the model dwellings intended for working class families. It was recommended at the time that they be built as estates. It is also certain that an industrialist having reached a certain level of development becomes dependent on a stable workforce, and were therefore forced to take into account what was being said about housing at the time. The creation of housing estates as a solution to the acute housing shortages appeared in France in 1867—8. As far as Hungary is concerned, details of the French solution to the housing difficulties of the working classes were published in architects' specialist magazines, such as the journal of the Hungarian Engineers' and Architects' Association in 1867 and 1867 and their adoption in Hungary was recommended. This year is also an important year for Hungary, the year of the Ausgleich, marking the beinning of large-scale industrialization in Hungary. However, the industrialists lacked the foresight to seriosuly takle the serious social problems of the time, even in a period of healthy economic growth. However, there are examples from the period of such developments. The first estates in Budapest were built by the Hungarian State Railways at Ferencváros and Rákos in 1869. These flats consisted of one room and 55 of them were built. 304 inhabitants lived in them, giving an average of 5.5 persons per room. This coincides with the findings of research into the working class housing conditions of the time, prepared in the 1870's. At the same time, the First Hungarian Steammill Company built an estate at Budapest-Angyalföld. Nothing is left of these estates so I am unable to present them. As it has already been mentioned, industrial development not only occured in Budapest but also in the provinces. The first estate that I am able to present on slide is the Diósgyőr Steelworks Estate, near Miskolr. Construction work on it started in 1868. Diósgyőr was one of the most important metallurgical centres in Hungary, and the iron and steelworks were built by the government to provide the railway industry with the necessary rails. To ensure that production kept up with demand, it was necessary to have a stable workforce, and one of the main ways of ensuring this was by providing housing. The first design are to be found at the archives of the Selmecbánya (Czechoslovakia) of the Chamber of Mining, and on the basis of these plans, 84 buildings were constructed as an estate. In 1878,48 semi-detached dwellings were added, and by 1907, another 300. The last were constructed as an estate. In 1878,48 semi-detached dwellings were added, and by 1907, auother 300. The last were constructed as an estate. In 1878,48 semi-detached dwellings were added, and by 1907, auother 300. The last were constructed for 2—4 families and are still standing. All had a garden of a suitable size for the period. tion work progressed, the necessary communal facilities were also provided. In 188/, the school was omit, in löyu, the pharmacy and the Cooperative shop. In 1896, the workers' dining hall was constructed, providing the workers who lived a long way from the factory a place where they could sit down to have their lunch. In 1898, the hospital was built and the school extended in 1905, as a result of population growth in the area. In 1886, a nursery school was provided and public baths opened in 1887, with hot and cold basins, baths and mud baths. The plans from 1871 show the interiors of several homes which consisted without exception of one room, plus kitchen and pantry. This type was dominant until the 1880's, when 2 and 3-room flats were built. One of the curiosities of these buildings is that the additional room was built in the form of a gallery, so that a worker on the night shift could rest undisturbed during the daytime. It also has to be said, in connection with Diósgyőr that by the beginning of the XXth century, these dwellings were already equipped with mains drainage, running water and electric lighting, making the estate one of the most modern in Central-Eastern Europe. As can be seen, this was the case of a successful, state-subsidized company watching its own interests, and at the same alleviating the housing problems of its workforce. This was however not the case in Budapest, where overcrowding was so severe between 1870 and 1900, that the workers moving up from the provinces to the capital in search of work could not be helped. According to statistics, Budapest was the Central-European city that developed most dynamically after 1870. The population of Budapest grew in the following manner;