Folia Theologica et Canonica 3. 25/17 (2014)
IUS CANONICUM - Anne J. Duggan, The paradox of marriage law: from St Paul to Lateran IV (1215)
202 ANNE J. DUGGAN Nec habent nuptiae in se Christi et Ecclesiae sacramentum, sicut beatus Augustinus dicit, si se nuptialiter non utuntur, id est si eas non subsequiter commixtio se- xuum. (As St Augustine said, marriages do not possess the sacrament of Christ and the church if they are not used in a nuptial manner, that is, if they are not followed by union of the sexes). More than two centuries, later Bishop Ivo of Chartres (tl 115) received the correct Leonine reading;53 but in the 1120s, Gratian received a different falsified version of Leo’s teaching. He opened his treatment of marriage in Decretum, C.27 q.2 with a recapitulation of the early doctrine, that marriage was made by consent, citing pseudo-John Chrysostom,54 Nicholas I, Augustine, Ambrose,55 and Isidore of Seville.56 57 but he concluded with the contrary argument, attributed to ‘Augustine’, that there is no matrimony without sexual union (c. 16): Non du- bium est, illám mulierem non pertinere ad matrimonium, cum qua docetur non fuisse conmixtio sexuumf Furthermore, that pseudo-Augustine was supported with the falsified Leo, into which the word non had been inserted, so that it read (C.17):58 53 Decretum, 8.74 (PL CLXI. 599-600): see Martin Brett’s draft online edn: http://ivo-of-chart- res.github.io/decretum.html (accessed 23.06.14). The false reading in the Panormia (PL CLXI. 1248) was inserted by its first editor S. Brandt in 1499, but cf. Rolker, C., Canon Law and the Letters of Ivo of Chartres, Cambridge 2010, esp. 265-272, ‘De falsa eredita Ivonis Panormia’. 54 Gratian, C.27 q.2, dictum ante c. 1, repeated more fully in the palea in C.27 q.2 c.4. The ultimate source is the sixth-century anonymous Opus imperfectum in Matheum, no. 32: ‘Matrimonium quidem non facit coitus, sed uoluntas (...)’. Cf. Weigand, R., Die Fälschungen als Paleae im Dekret Gratians, in Fuhrmann, H. (Hrsg.), Fälschungen im Mittelalter: Internationaler Kongress der Monumenta Germaniae Historica, München, 16.-19. September 1986 (Gefälschte Rechtstexte der bestrafte Fälscher) [Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Schriften 33/11], II. Hannover 1988. 301-318, at 311-312. 55 Decretum, C.27 q.2, dictum ante c.l, cc. 1-3,5-6,9, 11-12 (‘Recension I); cc. 4,7-8,10, 13-15 (‘Recension IT); cc. 4, 7-8 (paleae, added later in the twelfth century). 56 Decretum, C.27 q.2, cc. 1-3 and 5-6. Can. 4 is a palea, with the false attribution to pseudo-John Chrysostom, cited above in n. 54. 57 Derived from the Sententiae Magistri A (who may have been Ailmer of Canterbury fll30): Landau, P., Gratian und die Sententiae Magistri A., in Morder, H. (Hrsg.), Aus Archiven und Bibliotheken. Festschrift für Raymund Kottje zum 65 Geburtstag, Frankfurt am Main 1992. 311-326, at 323. 58 Gratian, C.27 q.2 c.17. Gaudemet, J., Sur trois “Dicta Gratiani” relatifs au “matrimonium ra- tum ", in Wagnon, H. (ed.), Etudes de droit et d’histoire: mélanges- Mgr H. Wagnon, Leuven 1976. 543-555 (repr. in Gaudemet, J., Sociétés et mariage [Recherches institutionelles 4], Strasbourg 1980. 379-391). Peter Landau also traced the false reading of Leo’s definition to Magister A. (above, n. 57.): Gratian und die Sententiae Magistri A., 323-324.
