Folia Canonica 8. (2005)
STUDIES - Szabolcs Anzelm Szuromi: The Changes of Modern Era Relation of Church and State in Europe
66 SZABOLCS ANZELM SZUROMI litical and national interest of individual countries and ethnic groups could not mean the cutting up and arbitrary interpretation of uniform Christ’s teaching, but it was in vain.5 Formation of Gallicanism, Josephinism show that certain political tendency, which went through reformation of faith, peasant's insurrections (1525), or rather the all over European Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), will not stand the Catholic Church’s independence, universality of her teaching and organization, or rather her respect deduced from Christ’s establishment. Moreover, the course of the French Revolution (1789-1797) and the intellectual propensity coming to life from its basis indicate that not only the Church and her institution are rejected but they question the theism itself and the medieval scholastic roots.6 Italian unity (1848-1870) originated from ambition after European unification swept away politically even the Papal State, however, facts from diplomatic history substantiate what kind of a political consolidation strengthen the Holy See during the reign of both Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) and Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903).7 Ceasing of Papal State results not in disintegration or death of Church institution but in the realization of an universal Church independent of all secular power what the 17th and 18th centuries wanted to liquidate.8 II. SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN THE MODERN ERA The two World Wars changed the political map of the World, which resulted in more accurate juristic partition of duties of Church and State and cessation of official Christian state administration, with some exceptions, such as England,9 Irland,10 Greece.11 However, this has only been the ending movement of secularreiecto divino ecclesiae magisterio, res ad religionem spectantes privati cuiusvis iudicio permitterentur, in sectas paullatim dissolutas esse multiplices, quibus inter se dissentientibus et concertantibus, omnis tandem in Christum fides apud non paucos labefactata est. COD 804. 5 Alberigo, G., „Das Konzil von Trient in neuer Sicht”, in Concilium 1 (1965) 574-583. 6Plongeron, B. (ed.), Les défis de la modernité (1750-1840) [Histoire du Christianisme des origines à nos jours 10], Paris 1997. 301-305. 7 Cf. Barberini, G., „Le Saint-Siège et la notion de puissance en droit international”, in L'année canonique 42 (2000) 37-50, especially 42-43. 8 SZUROMI, Sz.A., Egyházi intézménytörténet (Bibliotheca Instituti Postgradualis Iuris Canonici Universitatis Catholicae de Petro Pázmány nominatae 1/5), Budapest 2003. 170-173, 191-192. 9Garbett, C., The Church and State in England, London 1950. 122-135. 10Me Donagh, E., „Church and State in The Constitution of Ireland”, in The Irish Theological Quarterly 28 (1961) 131-144. 11PODSKALSKY, G., „Kirche und Staat in Griechenland”, in Trierer theologische Zeitschrift 76 (1967) 298-322.
