Acta Papensia 2019. - A Pápai Református Gyűjtemények Közleményei 19. évfolyam (Pápa, 2019)
2019 / 1-2. szám
-s Műhely s-ACTA PaPENSIA XIX (2019) 1-2. SZÁM Summary Pál Hegedűs MEDIEVAL AND OSMAN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF PÁPA TOWN Environment historical events could be reconstructed at the foreground of Pápa castle, in the Várkert (Palace Garden) of Pápa based on a profile that was excavated in July 2018. The following methods were used for the environment historical reconstruction of the Várkert of Pápa: radiocarbon dated geochronological analysis, magnetic susceptibility, grain size distribution, loss-on-ignition method to estimate the total organic carbon content, carbonate content analysis, pollen, macrobotanical and Mollusk analysis. 1) Predominantly gravelly sand, containing limestone and dolomite crumbs accumulated. Rheophillous snails and shells indicate moving water environment that last phase can be dated to the \2*'lvsül century.2) On the top of the stream sediment calcareous clayey aleurite, lake lime mud accumulated in the 14th and 15th century. Based on the sedimentological parameters and Mollusk fauna composition a mesotrophic, 1.5-2 m deep lake can be reconstructed. Najas marina (holly-leaved naiad)) and Myriophyllum aquaticum (parro’s-feather) existed in the lake environment, while in the lakeshore Typha (bulrush), Phragmites (reed) and Carex (sedges) zone or patches occurred. On the shore of the waterfront weeds, herbaceous plants, especially grasses covered the area with patches or zones of Salix (willow) trees (Fig. 13 and 14). A forest zone with Fagus (beech), Carpinus (hornbeam), Quercus (oak), Ulmus (elm) and Fraxinus (ash) trees, together with shrubs such as Corylus (hazelnut) and Sambucus (elderberry) existed (Fig. 13) within a radius of more kilometers of the lake sediment catchment area. In addition, a large cereal-based arable farming area could be developed, corresponding to the Thiinnen economic zones (Thiinnen, 1826) around medieval towns (Fig. 15). This is supported by our pollen database (Törőcsik and Sümegi, 2018) based on the spatial change of cereal pollen ratio. Based on the pollen profile of the Várkert, the Várkert of Pápa could be located a little further from the cereal area of the medieval town.Garden and dairy cattle husbandry could develop around the castle and the city, especially on deeper, alluvial soils with water effect according to Thünnen (1826) and the pollen material of the Várkert. It could have been surrounded by a forest zone from the outside, then cereal zone and pasture land alternation, the classic three-field system medieval economic zone developed (Fig. 15). These two zones (cereal zone and pasture land) could not be separated sharply at this stage of development. The external animal husbandry zone could also be developed from the threefield system (Fig. 15). The Thünnen zones or circles assume ideal economic space but along river valleys and creek courses stretched economic zones may have developed (Fig. 15). This later, the stretched economic space along the alluvium of the Malom and Bakony rivers characterized the environment of the medieval town of Pápa (Fig. is).Based on the cereal pollen ratio there was no difference between cereal cultivation of the town and the medieval towns of the Little Hungarian Plain in the 14th and 15th century (Fig. 16). The pollen results of the Várkert of Pápa correspond well to the plant cultivation of the medieval settlements with 1500-2000 inhabitants (Fig. 16). Urban development, including market town development had the most significant effect on economy, agriculture and land cultivation (Major, 1966; Kubinyi, 1971,1996, 2000; Benkő et al. 1997) in the 14th and 15th century. The analysis of this time horizon would be of great importance as we have significant written sources from the end of the medieval period (Szabó, 1969). Thus, the comparative analysis of environmental historical and written sources would be a significant step for the modeling of economic space development. 3) Transformation of the river system into a lake environment took place very quickly, over a few years or a decade that is indicated by the shift of gravel sand and lime mud. Such changes occur following rock-slide or the valley was blocked off. In our case, the formation of an artificial lake system is evident, which was achieved by the damming of the streams (the filling of the dam is clearly recognizable- 37 -
