Káldy–Nagy Gyula: A budai szandzsák 1546–1590. évi összeírásai. Demográfiai és gazdaságtörténeti adatok - Pest Megye Múltjából 6. (Budapest, 1985)

Introduction

In the cause of this summarization, however, they listed the grain tenths only as „wheat tenth" and „mixed (mahlut) tenth". It is by the close examination of this summarization procedure that we can determine just what they meant the word „mahlut" (mixed) to refer to. For example, in the village of Batka, in 1586, the mixed tenth total was 13 kiles, which, by looking at the listings under the names of the inhabitants, we find to have consisted of 9% kiles of barley, ]/

2 kile of rye, and 3 kiles of barley and millet. In the village of Póka the mixed tenth was 4% kiles, which is the sum of the l% + l + }4 + l + % kiles of millet appearing in the tenth-register. The 1588 mixed, tenth of 11 kiles of Petrovaszella village is also worthy of attention; the detailed entries show that it was the sum of iy

2 kiles of mixed, 3% kiles of millet, 1 kile of oats, V/

2 kiles of oats and millet and 3% kiles of barley.

8 The word „mahlut" („mixed") thus became the collective term for barley, millet, rye and oats, but it could also be used to indicate only one of the four types of grains (in the village of Póka, for instance, it was used for millet). Thus the 1% kiles mixed in the detailed tenth-register of the village of Petrovaszella, quoted above, presumably meant rye. Perhaps the reason for the four types of grains forming a collective term within the vocabulary of the Turkish treasury was that they were uniformly priced (in general at y

2 of the price of wheat). True, on the basis of the summariesby-settlement of the kind found in the sanjak censuses we cannot determine just what grain type the mixed (mahlut) tenth expression signifies in any particular instance; but knowing the foregoing we can hardly assume that they produced only wheat and „double" in most areas of Hungary during the Turkish occupation. While accounting for the grain tenths and the must tenths, the census taker also had to record the so called „salariyye" income as well, this being due to one's landlord by residence from the grain and must produced at locations outside the village perimeters (see below at Csepel village); this due ordinarily represents a thirtieth. At the same time a tenth of the grain and must so produced was due to the landlord of the site the grain and fruit were gathered from. Those who stopped tilling the soil were levied extra taxes for „non-cultivation of the land" (resm-i cift bozan) to make up for the losses of tenth payments (see the pertinent entry in the 1590 census of the village of Nemeg belonging to the nahiye of Pest). They recorded the quantity of the grain tenth (sometimes even of the pea tenth) in the Turkish cubic measure, the kile. The kile of 20 okkas had a volume of 35.27 liters and it held 25.65 kg of wheat or 22.25 kg of barley.

9 These data, however, can serve us only as approximate reference points since when the Turkish census taker asked how many kiles of wheat were gathered, the inhabitants in all likelihood answered with their own 8. Gotha, Landesbibliothek, Türe. 141. 9. In the mid-16th century, the kile in the sanjak of Mohács was equal to the Hungarian fertál, which according to Turkish records, was the equivalent of 24 okkas (30.76 kg). In later censuses, however, we come across kiles of larger volume as well; see: The administration of the sanjaq registrations, 197-98. 32