Vízrajzi Évkönyv 100., 1995 (Budapest, 1996)
Tartalomjegyzék
FOREWORD About the acquisition of the hydrological data characterizing the territory of Hungary, we have nearly two thousand years back informations. A summary of this activity gives the Introduction of this hundredth volume of the Hydrographic Yearbook. This volume of the Yearbook is published in the II 1th year of existence of Hungarian Hydrographic Service. In this country the first organization responsible for the measurement and evaluation of the country’s hydrographic data and for flood prediction was the Hydrographic Section, established in 1886 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation. In accordance with changes in economic conditions and in requirements imposed against hydrographic activities, since 1886 the organization of the hydrographic service underwent several changes: the tasks of hydrography were performed from 1890 by the Hydrographic Section of the Ministry of Agriculture and later of the National Directorate of Hydraulic Construction of this Ministry, between 1929 and 1948 by the Hydrographic Institute sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, between 1948 and 1952 by different organizations of the water sector, between 1952 and 1976 by the Research Institute for Water Resources Development while since 1976 they have been managed by the Hydrographic Institute of the Research Centre for Water Resources Development (since 1993 Water Resouces Research Pic.) and by district water authorities. During the past 111 years the hydrographic service managed the acquisition for basic hydrographic information required protection against floods and for water utilization. A part of hydrographic data is published in Hydrographic Yearbooks. The Hydrographic Yearbooks have been published with the aim of summarizing, disseminating, occasionally illustrating the main data characterizing the hydrological measurement and observation system, as well as the hydrological conditions in Hungary over the year, further of analysing the hydrological events and the variations thereof. The Hydrographic Yearbook comprises accordingly a chapter presenting meteorological stations, stream gages, shallow groundwater wells, deep wells (on artesian- and karstic waters), and springs and the filing data of the networks. The main particulars of the hydrological and meteorological networks operated by the district water authorities and the National Meteorological Service have been tabulated. The areal pattern of the stations within the network is shown on the maps attached to the Yearbook. The chapter entitled "Hydrological conditions over the year" describes the precipitation and air temperature characteristics, the evaporation conditions, the hydrological characteristics of surface waters, presents data on ice conditions and depths over fords, on the inundations caused by undrained surface runoff on pumped drainage, further the main hydrological characteristics of unconfmed groundwater, deep aquifers and springs. The chapter entitled "Hydrometeorological data" contains informations about the rainfall and evaporation conditions in Hungary over the year. The chapter on surface waters contains the daily stages on 152 gages, the daily discharge through 54 gaging cross sections, further the water temperatures measured at 48 gages. Information is presented further on the sediment- and ice regimes on the major rivers, as well as on the variations in the depth over the fords on the Danube. In the cross sections where the streamflow rate is influenced significantly by surface slope, the streamflow has been determined in terms of the stage and surface slope, attaching also the auxiliary tabulations needed for the calculation. The data have been plotted in the form of stage hydrographs and diagrams showing the variations of cross-sections, water- and air temperatures, ice conditions and depths over the fords. The chapter on subsurface waters contains the water levels in shallow, artesian and carstic wells, the hydrographs of some wells, the map showing the areal variations of the groundwater table and the yields of some typical springs. The hydrological observation- and measuring network belongs to the water authorities, where most of the observation data and records have been processed. The meteorological data has been made available by the National Meteorological Service. Comments on the present volume by the users of the Yearbook are invited and will be appreciated. Budapest, September 1996. Dr. Lajos Ivicsics Pál Liebe scientific adviser Director Institute of Hydrology Prof. Dr. Ödön Starosolszky Director General Water Resources Research Pic.- 13 -
