Matskási István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 100. (Budapest 2008)

Korsós, Z.: History of the Herpetological Collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum

Apart from JÁNOS FRIVALDSZKY, there was another man who took really good care of the herpetological collection from 1870 until 1882 (in which year he died), and he was JÁNOS KARL (KÁROLI) (1842-1882), an assistant curator. He was a university teacher (Budapest University) of ichthyology and herpetology at the same time. In his two most significant works - which were released in the second and third year of the journal of the museum started by OTTÓ HERMAN (called "Természetrajzi Füzetek", the progenitor of today's Annales) - he summarised Hungary's amphibians and snakes (KÁROLI 1878, 1879). His paper about the amphibians was the first of its kind - as we have seen before a monograph about the serpents was already written by FRIVALDSZKY in 1823. The descriptions of KÁROLI were not fully original but still, his work was an important step in popularising these less-liked animals. As he wrote: "There is no other group in the animal kingdom, which would be so despised, hated, pursued, feared and considered disgusting as amphibians and reptiles are. This pheonmenon has many reasons. A mostly hidden lifestyle results in fewer encounters with man. The general shape of these animals show an unusual - sometimes extreme - divergence from what is acceptable to men, they can even be very ugly. The hairless, cold and stiff body, the peculiar way of movement, the unwinking gaze, the exceptional resilience, the extremely fast recovery from mutilation and most of all the belief that they all are venomous are all factors which repulse men." Maybe even today we could not give a better summary of the animosity of men against reptiles and amphibians. The works of KÁROLI bear great significance in another sense, too. In the descriptions of the species, he not only noted the differences of male and female specimens, but he gave detailed information about the habitats also with references to other authors and data from the collection of the museum. Thus, we can get a glimpse of the contents of the herpetological collection in the time of the foundation of the Department of Zoology. In KÁROLl's paper about the amphibians he listed 3 Triton and 2 Salamandra species among the urodelans, and 8 frog species among anurans (which latter group was divided into 4 subgroups) (KÁROLI 1878). So he counts 13 species altogether, which is not totally incorrect compared to the current state of our knowledge - the number is near the present real number (18), but there are essential differences (Table 2). Later, ENTZ and MÉHELY indicated that, for example, Rana esculenta and Rana fusca (the green and brown frogs), treated by KÁROLI as two species, actually consist of six different species; that Bombinator igneus is actually two separate toad species; and that the Natterjack Toad (Bufo calamita) does not exist in Hungary. Today, we even know that the three species of Crested Newts form a complicated species group, and that the black Alpine Salamander (Salamandra atra) does not live in the present territory of our country. KÁROLl's "synopsis" of snakes has similar values as the one on the amphibians and almost describes the whole fauna of Hungary. It listed 7 snake species (with useful illustrations), and according to the taxonomy in that time some confusion is understandable, e.g. that many species mingle under the name Zamenis viridiflavus (Table 3). It is disputed even today, which (mainly West Balkan) whipsnake species should be separated in this grojUp. Vipera ammodytes does not live in Hungary's current territory. However, MÉHELY described the viper "rakosiensis" in 1893 as a new species from the Alföld (later it was discovered that this is a subspecies of Vipera ursinii), and probably it was this snake which