Matskási István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 91. (Budapest 1999)
Skuhravá, M. ; Skuhravý, V.: Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyidae) of Hungary
tory of Hungary, for example, Dasineura violae and Janetiella oenophila. Larvae of D. violae cause galls on Viola tricolor. Galls were observed many times in the first half of the 20th century till 1963, but since then they have not been found. Larvae of Janetiella oenophila cause pustule galls on the leaves of Vitis vinifera. This species was described in 1875 by HAIMHOFFEN from the material collected at the type-locality in Wien (Austria). At that time it was relatively abundant and several authors wrote even about its damages to grapevine shrubs. Galls of /. oenophila occurred relative abundantly in vineyards along the river Danube in Austria and in northern Hungary. Last data about occurrence of this species referring to the beginning of the 20 th century were included in the paper of MOESZ (1938). Since then, there is no evidence about the occurrence of J. oenophila and it seems that this species is extinct not only in the territory of Austria and Hungary, but in the whole of Europe. Two other species, Dasineura loewi and D. sampaina, which still occur in Hungary, belong to disappeared or extinct species in the Czech Republic. They were abundant there at the beginning of the 20 th century but today there is no evidence about their occurrence (SKUHRAVÁ 1994). It seems that also the populations of both species on the territory of Hungary gradually decrease and at present their galls are less abundant than they were in the past. Similarly, Lasioptera eryngii occurring in Hungary has been relatively abundantly till present, in the Czech Republic is among the disappearing species with tendency to reduce its distribution area (SKUHRAVÁ 1987, 1994). Economic importance In Central Europe more than thirty gall midge species are considered to be pests of cultural plants, trees and shrubs and several species may also damage forest trees (SKUHRAVY & SKUHRAVÁ 1993, 1996). Several species are reported, from time to time, as serious pests. In Hungary not much attention was paid to gall midges being pests to cultural plants. Apparently gall midges do not play important role in Hungary and, therefore, only a few species were subjects of studies from plant protection point of view. The following species were recorded as pests of cultural plants in the past. On cereal crops, SÁRINGER (1950), UBRIZSY (1960), AMBRUS (1958) and DARVAS et al. (1981a, b) reported about damage caused by Mayetiola destructor and other cecidomyids developing on cereals. CSÖRGŐ et al. (1967) and RÁCZ (1973) analyzed the outbreak of Haplodiplosis marginata. KERCSMÁR (1975, 1981, 1987) called attention to the occurrence of Sitodiplosis mosellana on winter wheat in Hungary, gave data about biology of Contarinia tritici and Sitodiplosis mosellana together with information about possibilities of their control. On fodder crops, MANNINGER (1940) reported about damage of Contarinia medicaginis and APONYI et al. (1985) informed about optimal timing of control on the basis of forecasting. AMBRUS (1964e) reported damage caused by Asphondylia miki. Both mentioned species are serious pests of alfalfa (Medicago). AczÉL (1942) described the gall midge species Contarinia lentis, which is at present a permanent serious pest of Lens culinaris mainly in southern Slovakia, in areas adjacent to the territory of Hungary.
