Matskási István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 80. (Budapest 1988)

Fóthi, E.: Some data on the anthropology of Avar period populations in Southern Transdanubia

Nasomalar angle (Martin 77) values of both sexes are typical for Europoids. Only one female (Grave 47) presented a value close to those of Mongoloids. Zygomaxillar angle (ZM) : both sexes have Europoid averages. There is no similarity to Mongoloids. Dacryal height (DS)

: both sexes can be characterized by Europoid averages. At the individual level some Mongoloid similarity can be seen on female skull No. 17 and male skulls No. 34 and 127. Dacryal index (ID): the mean values are Europoid. No female individual was similar to Mongoloids and there are only a few intermediate values. However, males No. 31, 34 and 127 produced Mongoloid averages. Simotical height (SS)

: analysing individual data the averages are Europoid, values approaching those of Mongoloids could be found on 4 male skulls (Graves 25, 31, 109, 146) and on 3 female skulls (Graves 2, 17, 117). Simotical index (IS)

: the averages are Europoid. There are several individual results approaching the Mongoloids (males: No. 25, 31, 54, 71, 109 and females: No. 8, 22, 47, 101). Nasal protuberance angle (Martin 75/1): the male value is characteristic for Europoids though from all the indices discussed this is the only one not in the closest vicinity of the value typical for Europoids. Analysing the individual data it can be stated that the difference comes from the greater number of intermediate cases in both sexes. Incisura maxillo-malar index (IMMS : IMMC)

: the males have a Europoid average while the females have an intermediate value. This is the characteristic from all the measurements and indices of the facial region which stands out with its large variance (8.54 and 6.77). Malar arch index (S : C) : it also has a Europoid average. However, male skulls No. 61, 79, 129 and the female skull No. 124 can be characterized by Mongoloid index values. Fossa canina: according to the mean values the women have shallower fossae canina. The interval of measurements is very wide. Bizygomatic width (Martin 45): both males and females can be characterized by moderately narrow values. The facial flatness index value for the cemetery of Toponár is —7.86 +1. This indicates the presence of an expressly Europoid population. On the basis of the detailed analysis of the facial region, it can be stated that the population of Toponár is Europoid. Mongoloid influence can be anticipated only in faint traces in the nasal region of some individuals. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1. Comparison of facial flatness data Twenty Avar period cemeteries were drawn into comparison (Fig. 1). I utilized the mean values calculated for Europoids, Mongoloids, 7th-8th Century Avars (TÓTH 1958) and for Conquering Hungarians (TÓTH 1965) (Table 7). TÓTH has called attention to the significance of detailed facial region analysis in a good number of his publications already quoted. It is evident from his works that the differencial diagnostical importance of facial flatness measurements can be ranked by their significance. According to his opinion the most imFig. 1. Geographical location of the series. The sequence of the series in Figures 1-9 is the same as in Table 1