Boros István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 5. (Budapest 1954)
Bohus, G., Heltay, I. ; Wonnesch, I.: A csiperkegomba termésmennyiségének növelésére irányuló kutatások
Researches to Increase the Crop Production of the Common Mushroom By G. В о h u s, I. He It ay &. I. Wonnesch, Budapest In connection with the cultivation of the common mushroom, several experiments were made aiming at the increase of the crop average, with regard to dung preparation, the improvement of the quality of the covering media, the more effective disinfection of the cellars, etc. These experiments had all the object to insure optimal raising conditions, thereby to make possible a higher crop average, larger mushroom quantities, and lower production prices. Crop results are, however, influenced in a decisive way — besides the conditions of cultivation — by the biological characteristics of the employed mushroom stocks. Of the biological characteristics the most important are the permeating vitality of the stock, its demands (or indifference) to dung, its resistence to diseases, its reaction to air supply, the speed of the commencement of fruitbody development, and, after germination, the length or shortness of the permeating and latency periods; the speed of the development of the fruitbody, the duration of the production and its organic connection with the actual production capacity of. the several stocks in various cultivation conditions. Hence, the most effective method for the increase of crop average is the production of stocks with a copious yielding power. New stocks were, produced, both in our country and abroad, by the use of mutations appearing during cultivation. By this method new stocks were regularly produced, yet no conspicuous results were attained. There was generally no significant difference between the new and old stocks. The cultivated mushroom finds suitable conditions for its inherited characters in the ensured cultivation processes, essentially the same all over the world. Life conditions are, however, very variable in nature, and they exert essential influence, by the alterations in metabolism, on the development of new characters. This principle, and experimental observations, were the fundamentals of our researches during which we succeeded in working out one method for the production .of stocks with a higher crop yield[by the employment of the wild common mushroom variations and stocks in cultivation processes. Results are as follows : 1. By the cultivation process of »culture Champignon«, the Psalliota bispora variation : P. с 1., P. с 4., and P. c. 6., may be produced. The denominations of these variations ares P. c. 1. = Psalliota bispora f. sublevis ; P. c. 4. — P. bispora f. imbricata ; P. c. 6.= P. bispora f. pseudosilvatica. These variations did not develop satisfactorily on mass production spawning ground ; it was therefore necessary to accustom them to the culture media. They show a certain deviation from the »culture Champignon«, concerning water demand and temperature claims insofar as they want a higher temperature and more moisture. To a higher water demand may also be attributed the phenomenon that the fruitbodies yielded during the first wave are generally more compact and larger than the later ones ; nor could a deterioration of this rate be observed in the case of, for instance, variation P. c. 6., even during the later waves in cellars where the dung was prepared to contain more moisture, than in the cases of drier manures, so that the fruitbodies developed in later periods were also of the corresponding size and solidity. 2. It can be stated that wild Psalliota bispora variations yielded good crops even when cultivation conditions were not optimal, but rather more or less adverse ; consequently the crop of the controll »culture Champignon«, calculated on 1 m 2 , was below the average 4—5 kilogramms, generally attained hitherto in plant conditions ; indeed, it did not reach even its 50%.
