Boros István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 2. (Budapest 1952)
Horváth, L.: Ornithologic observations in the alder woods of the Hanság
r. rubetra L.J, hoopoe (Upupa e. epops L.J, white stork (Ciconia c. ciconia L.J, moorhen (Gallinula c. chloropus L.J, reed warbler ( Acrocephalus s. scirpaceus H e r m.j, barn owl (Tyto alba guttata Brehm.J, and the lapwing (Vanellus vanellus L.J. — There were breeding 1 species in 32 pairs, 1 sp. in 20 pairs ; 2 spp. in 15 pairs ; 1 sp. in 12 pairs ; 4 spp. in 10 pairs ; 1 sp. in 6 pairs ; 2 spp. in 5 pairs ; 2 spp. in 4 pairs ; 7 spp. in 3 pairs ; 4 spp. in 2 pairs ; 18 spp. in 1 pair. It can be maintained from above list that as the number of breeding pairs diminish in a given species so the number of breeding species increase. There is only one species breeding in 32 pairs, and 18 species breeding in 1 pair. There were 170 pairs nidifying in the Woods, while in the neighbouring meadows and the wedged-in territories there were but 42 pairs, that is, oniy a quarter of the first number. The number of breeding passeriforms is : 165 pairs ; aquilaeforms : 20 pairs ; others : 27 pairs. Of all the species nesting in the Woods only 11 procure their food preeminently i'n the forest, therefore 20 species live alfo on food from the other parts of the whole examined territory. That is, two-third of them a**e almost independent of their nesting site regarding nourishment. Contrariwise, of the species (14) breeding in the bordering and wedged-in territories only 2 species (the cuckoo, and the barn owl) look up also the forest, for food. That is, a seventh part only. It can be observed, accordingly, the way the forest depends on its environment as regards feeding, while the bordering country is almost unconnected in this regard with the woods. This is also the cause why the forest slowly depopulates as breeding time is over. Of the 11 breeding species feeding in the forest 8 flies away for the winter, the remaining three (penduline titmouse, great titmouse, northern nuthatch) draw back into the gardens leaving the forest biotop temporarily if not for a winter rest or hibernation, but through migration, wandering or straggling. It can be stated that in the grade the birds of a biotop depend on a neigh bouring biotop as regards food, even so their interdependence loosens inside the same biotop where their breeding takes place. Investigations of this kind in differently characterized biotops will yet shed light on many interesting connections to further our syinbiologic knowledge. Birds, because of their connecting role, have in this regard a special importance; and also, by playing a big, maybe the biggest, part in the interchange of organic matters due to their corporeal size and big numbers. On the other hand, too, birds are the most thoroughly examined group of animals with a small amount of species, a large individual number, and with easily observable habits. Let us finally see what connection exists between sylviculture and the 11 species of birds feeding in the woods. Of the Woodpeckers only the Pied Woodpecker feeds in the forest. Their small numbers indicate a meagre amount of wood- and bark-injuring insects in the Alder Woods. Their nuorishment consist of-the cerambycid larvae of Oberea linearis L. ; the beetles Cryphalus alni Lindem., and Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. ; the buprestid larvae of Poecilonota rutilans F., living in the bark ; the caterpillars of Synanthedon culiciformis L., Synanthedon spheciformis Gern., and Cossus cossus L. living under the barks and in the trees ; further the bark-beetles Dryocoetes alni Georg, under the barks, and Xyloterus domesticus L., boring in the wood. On the same injurious insects live the small numbers of nuthatches and titmice. The other singing birds prey upon the seed-damaging curcolionid beetle Curculio cerasorum H b s t., and on the phyllophag insects. Some of these are : Haltica quercetorum F о u d г., Melasoma aenea L., Byctiscus betulae L., Phyllobius calcaratus F., and urticae G e e г., Anomala aenea G e e r ; the moths Coleophora fuscedinella Zell., Acleris ferrugana T г., Alsophila aescularia Schiff; and some tenthredinid wasps: Dineura rufa P a n z., Seiandria ovata L., Nematus septentrionalis L., Cimbex variabilis K1-, and lucorum L. Bibliography : Nüsslin& Rumbier: Forstinsectenkunde. Vierte Auflage, Berlin, 1927. — В a I s a y, L. : A hanság mint erdőterület (Erdészeti Lapok, 1950. június, p. 168—).
