Kiss Kitti: Kovácsolt és öntöttvas edények a magyar szabadtéri múzeumokban (A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum tárgykatalógusai, Skanzen könyvek. Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2012)

Melléklet

The aim of enamelling was to produce coating with high durability and which was resistant to big temperature fluctuations and hindered corrosion as well. In Hungary enamelled vessels were first mentioned in the advertisements of Sunday Paper— in 1856 a ..cooking vessel with white enamel", in 1859 ..the finest enamelled cooking vessels from cast iron and stamped tin" were included. An interesting early datum might be an "iron pan with china coating" included in a bequeath inventory of a farming family in Szatmár County in the middle of the 19th c. because "china coating" might refer to enamel coating.

27 The Statistical Manual of the Austrian Empire, namely the Countries of the Hungarian Crown

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8 published in 1865 included first the products of Austria among the iron products; North Hungary, Partium and Transylvania manufactured vessels in iron and copper forging mills; there was no mention of enamelled vessels in the latter areas.

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9 ..In Hungary copper boilers, saucepans and other recessed vessels are manufactured in the forging mills in Besztercebánya, Szomolnok, Felsőbánya and Csiklova and in Bezéte in Gömör County by the coppersmiths. However, this kind of business is much more vivid in Transylvania, namely around Sz. Domokos, Tomos, Brassó, N. Szeben, Orlát, Szászsebes and other towns." The Hungarian-French cookbook by József Dobos C. written for civic people in 1881

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0 included earthen, iron and copper vessels. Among the cast iron vessels he made no mention of enamelled pans. He regarded well-tinned copper vessels the best that last a lifetime and even decorate the kitchen and that had to be taken good care of. ..Earthen vessels are not suitable as when the glaze has flaked off—which can happen soon and easily—they have an unpleasant clayish smell which vitiates the food cooked in them. They are harmful for the health as well due to their lead mixture which is used for the glaze.

" ..Cast iron vessels are no good either as they easily and soon calcify and the food cooked in them does harm to the teeth on the one hand, and, on the other hand, they disturb and hinder digestion.

" The earliest source of the Museum of Commerce and Catering relating to kitchen vessels is the Geittner and Rausch in Budapest Price list of household utensils and kitchenware in 1884/85. It contained a wide range of enamelled cast iron and enamelled sheet vessels—blue outside and white inside, blue-white marbly and blue-white striped patterns. Besides these polished iron tin, tinned and white iron tin vessels were offered. In the article "On the ironworks, forging mills and iron products in Hungary" in 1885 Antal Kerpely mentioned a foundry in Krompach where enamelled cast iron vessels were made.

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1 "SZABÓ, s. 1997, p. 63 7

8 KONEK. s. 1865 2

9 ..76§ The centres of wrought and other iron products are Lower-Austria, Vienna, Waidhofen on Ybs, Gamming and Scheib. 13 saucepan and cauldron forging mills and 11 blacksmith shops produce recessed iron vessels, valuing 140,000 forints yearly and 4 factories produce enamelled iron vessels valuing 200,000 forints." ..In Vienna there are 2 tin factories and 12 big tin workshops." ..In Upper-Austria 2 copper forging mills produced 27,000 copper vessels in 1860." 3

0 József Dobos C. 1881. The cookbooks at the end of the 19th c. did not listed in detail the types of cooking vessels. The data on household manuals about the use of vessels need further observations. The entry "cooking"

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2 in Pallas Lexicon published between 1893 and 1897 listed, in a temporary order, glazed, copper and iron vessels following the earthen vessels. It said that earthen vessels were no longer used as they easily went rancid and were fragile and copper vessels were ousted due to copper rust caused by sour foods. When the Lexicon was published, at the end of the 19th c., mostly enamelled iron and tin vessels were in use. The entry "iron vessel" described in detail the process of manufacturing and enamelling cast iron and rolled sheet iron vessels. It said that the enamel composition of the lid was usually the secret of the workshops.

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3 Vessels were made in Zólyombrézó (with Kisgaram) and they were enamelled in two factories in Losonc. STATISTICS 1898,1906,1909 The Iron and metal industry statistics in 1898

3\ in comparison with the census 8 years earlier, claimed that enamelled iron vessels were manufactured in one factory in 1890; in 1898 in two factories but the latter employed 522 workers whereas the former employed only 75. In 1890 3 factories as branches made iron vessels. According to Statistics, factories employing 20 workers were regarded as industries. It provided the following important information on the beginnings of the manufacturing of enamelled vessels in Hungary, the production in the factories and the sales: ..In Hungary the manufacturing of enamelled iron vessels was started by Antal Kerpely ex ministerial counsellor who, as the director of the Hungarian Royal Ironworks, connected the iron foundry in Rhonitz [Kisgaraml with a big vessel factory and enamelling works in 1884. In the vessel factory an entirely new branch, the manufacturing of stamped sheet vessels began."

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5 Besides the factory in Kisgaram enamelled iron vessels were made in the ironworks of the patented AustrianHungarian railway society in Anina (Krassó-Szörény County). These two factories manufactured enamelled cast iron vessels and sheet vessels were enamelled in two factories in Losonc (Rakottyai György and Co. and Sternlicht S. and Co.). The 6 factories produced 5000 pieces of work—not only vessels but other enamelled products as well valuing 2,316,136 Crowns; the distribution of sales was as follows: Rakottya 70 percent, Sternlicht 60 percent, Kisgaram 86 percent and Anina 100 percent. 3

1 Kerpely, A. 1885, On the ironworks, forging mills and iron products in Hungary [1885,9,3] 3

2 ..The taste of the foods is affected by the cleanliness of the vessels and the materials they are made from. At the beginnings earthen vessels were used, later glazed vessels, then copper and iron vessels, today mostly enamelled iron or tin vessels are made; earthen vessels were ousted as they easily went rancid and were fragile and copper vessels were not used any longer as they became rusty from the sour foods. To prevent the rusting tin-plating was applied but it had to be continuosly redone." Pallas Lexicon, ..cooking" 3

3 Pallas Lexicon ..iron vessel" 3

4 SZTERÉNYI, J. 1901, pp. 153-170 3

3 SZTERÉNYI, J. 1901, p. 154 35