Páll István: Szabolcs megye népi építkezése a XIX. század közepén (Szentendre: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1987)

Helységnévmutató a térképekhez

Among pig sties there are bigger ones that stand in the outer gardens of rich landowners but little pig sties that were build in the yard near the houes are characteristic. They are made of wooden panels (mainly oak) all over the county. There were houses made of wooden panels as well as legs. We have recordings of those pig sties that were transported to this county from other parts of the country. There are some pigsties made of wattle, their proportion in some settlements is as much as 50%. Both nobles and taxpayers had wattle pigsties, but their rata is higher in case of taxpayers. We can mention fowl-houses among the buildings that were for keeping smaller animals but they were not found everywhere. Among buildings of agriculture this work deals with barns — these are buildings storing corn. Szabolcs county is a transition in respect of spreading of barns, because the north east part belongs to the territory where bars are characteristic. There are several settlements in this part where proportion of barns to houses is 50%. In the northern part of the county in Bodrogköz and on the opposite bank of Tisza rate of barns are more than 10%, this part also belongs to that territory where barns are characteristic. There are two German originated villages, where rate of barns is also high — this shows the role of German people in spreading barns. Taxpayers had barns an the above mentioned placed in other parts of the county landowners owned these buildings. Deciding which barn is characteristic to this territory is difficult since we have hardly any data to state it from those territories where barns were characteristic. Hacks were concentrated in a relatively small area in the north-east part of the county, they are similar to hacks in Bereg and Szatmár. Hay must have been stored in buildings for winter because of the effect of the building habits of the nearby territories, and the microclimate. In other parts of the county hay was stored in the open air — except for a few big hacks ot landowners. Tobacco drying-sheds were spreading at the time of the conscription in a bigger proportion — in accordance with the spreading mass-production of tobacco. Tobacco drying sheds were registered mainly in the villages on the edge of Rétköz and the centre of Nyírség, they were owned by mainly big landowners and Jewish tenants. Among buildings storing cereals grain-pits that were renewed by burning annually widespread since their use was forbidden by rules on every occasion. Above the earth the most primitive buildings were the sheds that were made of wooden poles and had a roof. Trashed cereals were stored in big boxes made of oak panels. They were called „hombár" (tankard) or „szuszék" (cornbin). Among buildings that have walls the smaller simpler ones called „kamra" (pantries) were owned mainly by taxpayers, the bigger ones granaries were owned by landowners or communities. This is true especially to stone or brick walled buildings with shingle or tile roof since the great value of grain stored in them made buildings in good condition necessary. We can find wattle maize sheds as well as lath-work ones in our territory owned by every social layer unrelated to their material. Differences resulted in their sizes — bigger harvest required bigger building.