Cseri Miklós, Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Népi építészet a Kárpát-medencében a honfoglalástól a 18. századig - A 2001. október 9-10-én Szolnokon megrendezett konferencia anyaga (Szentendre; Szolnok: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum; Szolnoki Damjanich János, 2001)

SABJÁN Tibor: Késő középkori lakóházak rekonstrukciói (Sarvalyi példák)

Reconstruction of late medieval dwelling houses (examples from Sarvaly) TIBOR SABJÁN The author presents the reconstruction plans of two houses of the village of Sarvaly, which was destroyed in the 16

th century. Imre HOLL and Nándor PARÁDI carried out the archaeological research of the former village in the middle of Transdanubia (near to today's town of Sümeg). For the purpose to make models, the author has reconstructed in detail two of the houses uncovered and documented by these scientists. The essay deals with the experiences and problems of the profession during this work. House no. 15 was one of the characteristic smoky houses of the village, equipped with a cellar. Its arrangement was: smoky room-pantry cum dwelling room-shed-cellar. Above the cellar, which was sunk in the soil, a storeroom might have been built. The smoky room was heated with a huge, rectangular stone oven. House no. 17 was built with a smoke-free room but it is possible that a room and a pantry were added to the former smoky house. The arrangement of the rooms is: room with oven-pantry cum dwelling room-smoky kitchen-shed-cellar. A porch run along the kitchen and the pantry and it is possible, that a storeroom was built above the cellar here too. A big wing of farm buildings was attached to the house in L-shape, referring to the important farming activities of the owners. The archaeological excavation dug up the flooring of the rooms, the heating devices, the stonewalled cellars and the stone foundation under the ground-sills of the former houses. Remains of logs of deciduous trees (oak, birch) reveal that the walls were made of logs. The logs were not daubed. No remains of clay belonging to the daubing were found in the sites. The finds don't inform about the ceiling and the roof structure. In these questions the experiences and constructional solutions seen in the log-houses in Western Hungary helped the author. Several smaller details refer to the doors and windows. A quantity of curbed nails found in the place of the door in house no. 17 permits us the conclusion that the bolts were fixed to the thick boards of the door with wrought-iron nails. Wooden nails could have served the purpose in other houses, since we did not find iron nails. Doors must have been locked from outside with padlocks and bigger gates might have had a complicated wooden lock (the key was under the finds). Smoky rooms might have had rectangular openings in the wall, as we know them from ethnography, closed by gliding boards. In the room with oven a discovered window fastener proves that the windows had casements and ox rumen might have served as window-pane, since no glass was found. The oven in house no. 15 was made entirely of stone. There was no fireplace in front of its opening, therefore we conclude that cooking took place on its top. The ground plan of the oven was rectangular, but inside it had an oval shape. The kitchen of no. 17 also was equipped with a big rectangular oven, but here only the bottom was made of stone, the upper part might have been mud. There was a daubed fireplace around the mouth. The big stone bottom of the oven in the smoke-free room remained undamaged. It served as seating or sleeping place. The debris of the tiled part of the top laid in and around the oven. The bottom of the oven was rectangular, built of bowl-shaped tiles and corner-tiles. The round upper part was built of glass-shaped tiles and mud. Its top was constructed of triangular, bowl-shaped tiles but we don't know how they were arranged. The convex tiles in onion-shape come from the dome of the oven. Furthermore, the author reconstructed in drawing the yard of house no. 17 together with the farm buildings and the axonometric picture of the village. With the survey of the known and supposed details of the dwelling houses, the reconstruction work reveals a number of problems, not dealt with so far, and shall hopefully have a dialogue of the profession as a consequence.