Cseri Miklós, Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Népi építészet a Kárpát-medencében a honfoglalástól a 18. századig - A 2001. október 9-10-én Szolnokon megrendezett konferencia anyaga (Szentendre; Szolnok: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum; Szolnoki Damjanich János, 2001)
SABJÁN Tibor: Késő középkori népies kályháink nagytáji vonatkozásai
Ovens with concave tiles from Eastern Transdanubia (fig. 7—10) In the region between the Great Plain and Western Transdanubia the ovens with concave tiles are built of both, mug-shaped and bowl-shaped tiles in such a way, that half of the oven consisted of mugs, the other half of bowls in the late Middle Ages. Based on the finds, we differentiate between an early type - mid 15 th century - and a later type - beginning of the 16 th century. We know two finds of ovens where the archaeologists found the debris of two ovens at the same site. The way of construction of these ovens was essentially preserved till the beginning of the 20 th century (fig. 9) Ovens with reduced burning (fig. 11—12) Simple dark-grey ovens with reduced burning are sometimes found in Transdanubia, in the Kisalföld, in Northern Hungary and in the Great Plain. They are seldom in villages, we come across their remains in manors, towns, castles and monasteries. The oven is made of simple bowl-shaped tiles, which fade due to the long use, and people used to paint the surface with graphite. Ovens with tiles with "niche" and decorated with tracery (fig. 13) Ovens built with "niche" tiles used to stand in the noblemen's houses in the Great Plain and in castles. Their top was decorated with a battlement resembling to the parapet of rampart. This ovens spread in the mid and at the end of the 15 th century but they were used also in the 16 th century. We don't know the exact composition of the ovens, it is possible that their bottom had bowl-shaped tiles. Ovens with bowl-shaped tiles decorated with tracery (fig. 14) The richer ovens in the Great Plain were covered with bowl-shaped tiles, which were decorated with tracery and an onion-shaped insert in the middle. Such ovens are very rarely found and the oniontiles are real masterpieces of a guild. We don't know their exact construction. Tiled-ovens in the Seklerland (fig. 15—17) Thanks to the finds from Székelykersztúr and environs in the Seklerland we have learned that the tiles here had no back part and mostly bowl-shaped tiles were used. No corner-tiles were found. Some ovens had a more elaborated look, a tiled dome topped them. We don't know much about the regional spreading of the ovens here. We have to look for the forerunners of the above-described ovens among the finer ovens of the noblemen and in the royal court. The ovens in the countryside built during the late Middle Ages imitate their splendid construction, this is the reason why they are perfect samples made of different tiles in spite of their rustic characteristics. In some regions (Western Transdanubia and Eastern Transdanubia) the farmers' ovens in the 18 th-19 th centuries preserve the resemblance to this late medieval ovens (fig. 18—20).
