Bereczki Ibolya - Cseri Miklós (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 22. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2010)
Csányi Viktor: Dél-alföldi régészti adatok Sabján Tibor kályharekonstrukciós kísérleteihez
Viktor Csányi ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE GREAT PLAINS (DÉL-ALFÖLD) AS AN ADDITION TO TIBOR SABJÁN'S TENTATIVE OVEN RECONSTRUCTIONS My study deals with the cross-checks of the overall picture of ovens built in the late Middle Ages and early modern times in Hódmezővásárhely, of the written sources and historic data available about the history of the market town during the Turkish occupation and in the early modern time, still preserving the traditions of the tile-stoves, further to the results of ethnographic research and archaeological finds of ovens. This should enable us to make a more detailed picture of the heating systems and their evolution in the southern Alföld. The basic thesis of my essay was formulated by Tibor Sabján asserting that the tile-ovens disappeared from the vernacular culture of the Alföld in the 18 t h century due to a general pauperization and a transformation of interiors following economic changes; they were replaced by more simple ovens stoked from outside, which could be used for cooking and baking as well. After giving a short summary of the medieval history of settlement of Hódmezővásárhely, I present the most important finds from the late Middle Ages in the archaeological collection of the Museum János "Tornyai. The expression tile-oven mentioned in a market price list of 1 803 and the fact that archaeological excavations produced a large number of tiles from the last third of the I 7 t h and the beginning of the 18 t h century, throw a new light upon the results of the so far published studies representing different aspects. This means that the tileovens had been used generally in Hódmezővásárhely till the end of the Turkish occupation and they must have disappeared in a later time. It is a difficult task for the archaeology as well as for the ethnography researchers to reconstruct the interior decoration and the heating systems used in the 18 th century. One of the consequences of the new economic and social changes at the end of the I 7 t h and the beginning of the 18 t h century was the growing independence of folk art, the development of the so-called folk style and the strengthening of the regional specialities. After new settlers came to the town of Hódmezővásárhely from 1 698 on, tile-ovens slowly lost importance. At the same time, earlier known earthenware ovens, which evolved from tile-ovens, gained ground in the interiors. These processes confirm that the interiors developed in a different way in the southern Alföld than in Hungary's other regions. Merely some international pre-studies existed earlier about the subject museum and its buildings resp. the relationship between museum and architecture. As society's interest has encouraged the museum research during the past few years in Hungary, research touched upon the subject but has not dealt with it in a comprehensive way. It is indispensable that - knowing the international literature of the profession, as well as the concrete institutions, agents and notions and through their consequent implementation - we formulate our current questions and answers, since Hungary being one of the member states of the European Union is an active participant of such developments in the field of culture politics/tourism industry. The museums' functioning is prospering in both muséologie and economic sense, therefore the museum buildings to be built/rebuilt get an urban function and role. The museum is a successful branch and at the same time, a very contradictory institution of the modern time. The institution of public collection has become an excellent channel for the State as maintainer to be used as a means of program enforcement. Architectural works call the period from WWII to now a period of museums. One of today's topics in museum architecture treats the problems of re-construction - extension. The museum sphere is an excellent field of restitution, of international diplomatic and cultural interaction. One of the important elements of today's museum research is the element of selfreflexion - taking into consideration the aspects of methodological individualism. A cornerstone of international analysis is the observation that the museum's speciality - compared to other cultural, entertaining or popularising institutions - is mainly its collection. The collections and buildings of the museums regularly re-interpret each other. Well-known is the vision of a process, which leads from the buildings created for keeping art objects to buildings to be appreciated as an art object. A basic problem is to create the balance between the traditions of speculative spaces and the search for an appropriate place in the modern communication flow. This treatise analyses above subjects through the example of several international projects, lo sum up, it establishes that the contemporary successful museum functions as a place, where the users and creators are aware of its permanent transformation, of the logic of new beginnings, and the museum suggests these ideas already through its building. 252
