Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 15. (Tanulmányok Füzes Endre 70. születésnapja alkalmából. Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2002)
VIGA GYULA-VISZÓCZKY ILONA: A hagyomány változása. Néhány szempont és példa a tradíció és a változás kérdéséhez
1999 A hagyomány és a változás néhány kérdése a magyar népi kultúrában. Tisicum. A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve XI. 59—63. Szolnok 2001 Megjegyzések a paraszti kultúra változásánakkérdéséhez. Merítés. Néprajzi tanulmányok Szilágyi Miklós tiszteletére. 75— 87. Budapest VIGA Gyula—VISZÓCZKY Ilona 1999 Néhány szempont a paraszti kultúra változásának vizsgálatához (Bodrogközi példák alapján). Széphalom 10. 331—450. Sátoraljaújhely 2000 A paraszti gazdálkodás változásai. In: Kisgéres (szerk.: VIGA Gyula). 167— 208. Dunaszerdahely—Komárom VISZÓCZKY Ilona 1999 A turai „asszonyvásár". In: Kutatások Pest megyében (szerk.: KORKES Zsuzsa). Tudományos konferencia II. 129— 136. Szentendre WELLMANN Imre 1980 Közösségi rend és egyéni törekvések a 18. századi falu életében. Történelmi Szemle 3. szám 376—449. Gyula Viga-Ilona Viszóczky CHANGE OF THE TRADITION The essay starts from the frequently examined contradiction that the Hungarian researchers of ethnography study mainly the culture of the peasants, and they follow its changes within the process of approaching bourgeois standards, with other words, within the process of the gradual dissolution of the peasant culture considered as traditional. The authors stress first of all the fact, that the culture of the peasant society had not remained unchanged during the previous centuries, taking into consideration that the population of Europe consisted mainly of peasants, and more than 50% of Hungary's population consisted of peasants up to the thirties of the 20 th century. The driving forces behind the changes were the modified natural environment and the society adjusting itself to the environment by its working culture. Changing means transformation in the fields of economy, society and - in this context - of culture, since any change in the state of culture is not detached from social transformations. These changes in Hungary are related to the process of reshaping the landscape: during centuries, man tries to gain agricultural land to the detriment of the forests, and in the 19 th century, at the expense of the waters and swamps. When these possibilities have been exhausted - the proportion of uncultivated land shrank to 7% by 1870 - the transformation of the farming system came into the limelight, which went together with farreaching social changes. The demographic changes after the expulsion of the Turks, the economic reorganisation of the country and the agricultural prosperity in the 19 th century promoted this process. At the end of the essay, the authors present the results of two case studies to show, which factors help and which factors slow down the process of changes in the peasant culture. One of the cases is Bodrogköz (Zemplén county, Northeast-Hungary), where the peasant culture undergoes a transformation as a result of the water regulation in the 19 th century followed by economic-social consequences. This is the case in villages, where a part of the inhabitants is released from the duty to cultivate the land and their lifestyle and work culture became different. The other case is represented by villages at the river of Galga (Pest county, Central Hungary), where peasant traditions were moved due to the vicinity of the capital: their products were transported by the railway and sold on the markets, which promoted their horticulture. The villages, however, preserved tradition in the clothing of the women. The women's costumes, which displayed the status of the owner, remained their characteristic 'trade-mark" in the markets and market halls till the fifties of the 20 th century. The authors come to the conclusion that being traditional does not mean that the condition of the culture remains unchanged. It means rather the conservative character of the society, which is mirrored by the culture, but it can only slow down and not prevent the transformation of the culture. Tradition does not withstand on the whole dissolving, transforming influences. There is a difference rather in the speed of the changes in the regions, resp. in the different cultural groups, and in its influence on the transformation of the social structure.
