Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 14. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2001)
KNÉZY JUDIT: A puszták, falvak építkezése és a mezőgazdasági szakoktatás a 18. század végén, a 19. század elején
Keszthely (1808-1813) war es bereits offensichtlich, dass nicht nur Bauingenieure und Vermessungsingenieure ausgebildet werden mussten, aber auch Handwerker, die für solche Aufgaben spezialisiert waren. Die praktischen Erfahrungen der Bautätigkeiten in der Festetics-Domäne fasste János Nagyváthy bereits im Jahr 1795 zusammen. Das Lehrbuch von Johannes Svjadenschwarz basiert auch auf diesem Werk, obwohl es auch spätere Änderungen behandelt. Die ungarische Übersetzung des Lehrbuches verwendet das Beste aus der örtlichen Baupraxis. Der Aufsatz analysiert diejenigen Teile, die das Heizsystem, die Aufstellung und Formen der Öfen, die Schornsteine, die Lage des Wohnhauses, die Einteilung der bewohnten Räume beschreiben. Der Aufsatz analysiert den Vorschlag des Autors, in dem er den verschiedenen sozialen Schichten passende Wohnungen beschreibt: für die Verwalter, Priester, Bürger, Handwerker, Gastwirte, Gutsarbeiter (unverheiratet und mit Familie). Der Autor behandelt die Einteilung der Wohnungen, die Zahl der Räumlichkeiten, die Qualität des Fußbodens. In der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde Folgendes zum Modell: einer Gutsarbeiterfamilie stand eine StubeKammer zu, zwei Familien benützten eine Küche. Dies war jedoch bereits um 1813 nicht mehr aktuell, mindestens zwei Familien bewohnten eine Stube. Später wurden die Gutsarbeiterhäuser noch mehr überfüllt. Obwohl eine Verordnung von Ignác Darányi zum Ziel hatte, dass jede Gutsarbeiterfamilie je eine Stube-Kammer zum Wohnen bekommt, ließ die Verwirklichung bis zum Ende der 1930er Jahre auf sich warten. Judit Knézy CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE VILLAGES AND THE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AT THE END OF THE 18 th AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 th CENTURY Our essay studies the changes in the peasant and manorial constructions on the basis of archival sources between 1760 and 1844 due to the lack of excavations. The studied region is in Southern-Transdanubia, especially the estates of the family Festetics and of the family Szécheny. The similar and different characteristics are highlighted. In the first decades of the treated period, the big manorial construction activities included the modernisation of the workers quarters as well. Earlier, they used to live in similar dwellings like the villains with a room-smoky kitchen-pantry arrangement, built with villain services. Modernisation means the building of long houses with one or two units employing professionals for the construction. Walls, roofs and heating systems changed. Kitchens with open chimney replaced smoky kitchens and the earthen fire-ledges disappeared. A big hearth was set up in the middle of the kitchen, the top of which served as a fire-place. The opening of the stove was put in a different place in the houses with two quarters. Drawings, contracts with craftsmen, invoices and other documents confirm this. It was the practice in the long houses that two families used one kitchen, even when both had their separate room and pantry. Manorial constructions didn't influence the vernacular architecture directly, however, they had certain effects. For example, where the state, the local authorities or the landlord restricted or prohibited the logging, the new rules affected the traditional wooden architecture. Professionals were brought to Hungary from abroad to carry out manorial construction work. Big landowners trained themselves in this field as well. But soon enough it became evident that sufficient professionals can only be provided when their education in Hungary is guaranteed. Professionals working in the estates trained up young people and some basic knowledge was provided in the middle and higher education in the second half of the 18 th century (grammar schools of the piarist order, forestry academies, Theresianum in Vienna and soon the University of Pest). At the time of the Georgikon in Keszthely (1808-1843) it was obvious that not only engineers and surveyors are needed but also specialised tradesmen. In 1785 János Nagyváthy summerized in his book the practical experiences obtained during the construction work at the Festetics estate. Johannes Svajedenschwarz based his Schoolbook for the engineers' training on this work. The Hungarian translation of the book makes use of the treasures of the local constructing practice. Our essay analysis those parts, which treat the heating system, the arrangement and shape of the ovens and hearths, the chimneys, the orientation of the house and its division. The essay dedicates a separate analysis to the suggestions of the author: what type of quarters he recommends to bailiffs, priests, towndwellers, tradesmen, innkeepers, estate workers (married and unmarried), how their dwelling should be divided, how many rooms they need, what should be the quality of the floor. The model given in the second half of the 18 th century: a room with pantry for one family, a common kitchen for two families - was no more the reality in 1813. At least two families shared one room. Later, the houses of estate workers were even more congested. The decree of Ignác Darányi wanted to change the situation and to guarantee a room with pantry for each family. Serious steps for the improvement were taken however only at the end of the thirties of the 20 th century.
