Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 7. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1991)

PÁLL ISTVÁN: Gróf Eszterházy Miklós kisvárdai uradalmának épületei 1802-ben

THE BUILDINGS ON COUNT MIKLÓS ESZTERHÁZY'S KISVÁRDA ESTATE IN 1802 The Eszterházy family, which owned vast estates in the western part of Hungary, came into possession of the largest estate in Szabolcs county, the Kisvárda domain, through marriage at the end of the 16th century. The study is an analysis of the inventory taken of the assets, somewhat decreased by that time, on this estate in 1802, covering the buildings one by one. In the course of analysing the structure and components of the 28 dwelling houses (including pubs and inns that also served for dwelling) it could be stated that most of them had daubed wattle walls between Y-shaped uprights, only a few of them were made of adobe and bricks. The latter stood in the centre of the estate, Kisvárda. Each house was covered by a rafter roof, with one single exception which had a purlin roof. This leads to the conculusion that in the 18th century and before there could be more buildings of this type in the area. In Kisvárda the roofs were Jcovered by shingles and in the surrounding villages by straw. What we do not know is the techniques they used for putting the straw in place. The most valuable information is of the heating devices in the dwelling houses. Apparently, in the beginning of the 19th century the heating devices characteristic of three house types - named after the Szamos region, the northern part of Hungary and the Great Hungarian Plain - could be seen at one time in one place, even within the same building. Smoke was mainly removed by daubed wattle chimneys which shows that by that time no chimneyless house could be found in the area discussed. Proceeding to the outbuildings, the study covers the stables made of the same materials and with the same techniques as the dwelling houses. The only difference is in the occurrence of purlin roofs which are more frequent here than on the farm houses. Then the analyses of wells, cellars, a maize holder, and various barns follow. Finally the varieties of the fences surrounding the plots where all these could be found are dealt with. As a matter of interest, even a subject of many debates, the so-called tőkés kapu (literally "gate with trunk"' a kind of lift-gate easily operated by using a big piece of a trunk as counter-weight) is mentioned here. Taking account of the "industrial establishments" belonging to the domain the components and characteristic data of eight dry mills, a water mill, a distillery, a brewery and a butchery are discussed.