Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

Annals of Human Genetics, Lond., 31: 141: The rate of consanguineous marriages is the highest in the southern Indian states. Here, the frequency of fetal and infant deaths is also high. See Also DARLINGTON C. D. (1969): The Evolution of Man and Society, N. Y. 63 See WIŁK ŅS (1887): Modern Hinduism, Lond., p. 431: Six sevenths of the population of India practiced female infanticide for ages. 64 See FINCH, 1. c. footnote 10. 65 See MILLAR W. M. (1934): Human abortion. Human Biology, 6, 271, He quotes passages from Anugita (XXXVI, 23), Vasishtha (XX, 23-24), Baudhayana, Prasna (IV, Adhyaya 12), Satapatha Brahmana (III, 1, 2, 21), and the laws of Manu. . .There are three acts which make women outcasts, the murder of the husband, slaying a learned Brahmana, and the destruction of the fruit of their womb" (Vasishtha

, XXIII, 7). "Libations of water shall not be offered to those.

. .women who.

. .have caused an abortion.

.." (MANU). "Penance is required for destroying the embryo (of a Brahmana, the ¡Sex of which) is unknown.

.. (MANU, XI, 88).—See also MONPIN R. A. (1918): Vavortement provoqué dans V

antiquitié. Paris, p. 35. etc., quoting the Rig Veda (VIII, viii, 20), Atharva-Veda (L VIII. vi.), and MANU (L V, 90; L XI, 87). 66 "To mix would be to destroy all castes; all barriers would break down; and men would all be in each other's way" (Laws of MANU). 67 MÜLLER, C. (1966): Zur Geschichte des artifiziellen Aborts. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde

, 26: 223. The antique laws set a penalty for body injuries which resulted in abortion. But he thinks that the unborn fruit was considered just a property which father and mother could dispose of. The unborn was not considered an independent beign. —See also MAINE, H. S. (1833): Dissertations on early law and cuitcm, New York.

—The date of HAMMURABI'S code is sometimes given as 2,000 B. C. 68 HAMMURABI. Babylonian Laws; ed. Driver and Miles. Oxford, 1952-55. See also MILLAR, 1. c. footnote 65 (who is mistaken about the Code). Cf. MONPIN, 1. c., footnote 65, 21, etc.: 209. Si un homme a frappé une fille d'homme libre et a fait tomber son intérieur ( =avorter) il paiera pour son fruit dix sides d'argent." (A side is 1/60 of a mine; a mine is ca. 500 g. Sixty mines make a talent.) 69 WENDT, H. (1962): It began in Babel, Cambridge, 81. Young men desirous of marriage, but without enough money to buy themselves a beautiful bride, received a large sum of money from the community chest if they would marry a less attractive one instead. 70 TAFT, D. R. et al. (1955): Internationa! Migrations

; the immigrants in the modern world. N. Y. 71 HERODOTOS; q. by WENDT, 1. c. footnote 69. 72 Cf. MONPIN, 1. c., in footnote 68, 38. See also MILLAR, 1. c., footnote 65, 273, quoting Vistasp Yast (Zoroaster) IV, 29: "That man does not follow the way of the Law, O Zarathustra, who commits the Boodho-(Varsta) crime with a damsel and an old woman (to produce miscarriage)." See also Videvdat, 15, 9-14. 73 HERODOTOS, History, I. 199; iv. See also SCHULZ W. (1932): Arische Rassenhygiene in der Religion der alten Perser, Volk und Rasse, l:\29. They even used intoxicating beverage ("homa") for fertility increase. 74 Cf. SCHULTZ, 1. c. above 75 HERODOTOS, VII, 117: narrates that the whole army of Xerxes mourned the death of their strongest and tallest comrade. 76 HERODOTOS, I, 135. 77 BISHOP, C. W. (1942): Origin of the Far Eastern Civilization. Washington. 78 Thus, 4600 years ago Chinese women used mercury for the inducation of abortion. Small discs of very silky paper were placed against the cervix for contraception since great antiquity. Since the CHOU dynasty (ca. 1,100 B. C.) palace attendants were castrated, by cutting away all parts with a sickle-shaped knife. 79 See MILLAR, 1. c. footnote 65. 80 STANGELAND (1904): Pre-Malthusian Doctrines of Population. N. Y. p. 47. He states that celibacy is kept very loose in present Tibet. Lamaseries swarm with children of monks, though these are called their nephews and nieces.

—See also WIŁK ŅS, 1. c. footnote 63: pointing out that Buddhism is inhuman and antisocial; it palliates everything which is done to limit the population, polygamy, and infanticide in China, concubinage in Japan, prostitution in both. 81 CONFUCIUS (551-479 B. C), a member of the CHOU nobility. 51