Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

and sexual delicts cruelly punished.

29

3 A Prussian law required marriage before 25 years of age, and gave aid to the newly wed.

29

4 In Austria-Hungary, soldiers married to increase the military caste.

29

5 In a collection of planned French edicts (ca. 1556)

29

6 marriage age was set at 25-28 years for men, 14-17 years for women.

297 Early marriage was considered injurious to the offspring.

29

8 Great age discrepancy was thought to be contrary to fruitfulness,

29

9 but husbands were supposed to be 10 years older than their mates.

30

0 The family size was proposed at 10-16 children.

301 In Colonial N. America the typical family had 7-8 children.

30

2 Many children were considered a blessing.

30

3 Premiums and tax exemptions were offered in many countries for numerous offspring.

30

4 Some believed that celibacy is better,

30

5 though others advocated punishment of celibacy,

30

6 sterility

30

7 by increased taxation.

30

8 In Colonial N. America, this was the share of bachelors.

30

9 Elsewhere, offices were held only by married men,

310 and some trades were forbidden to bachelors, except by paying a license fee. Dream states were discribed by many in this period.

31

1 The best known such works are those of MORE,

31

2 CAMPANELLA,

31

3 and BACON,

31

4 which discuss mate selection, optimum number of children, provisions for population expansion,. etc.

31

5 The effect of these utopistic ideas upon actual state politics and laws has not yet been sufficiently evaluated,

31

6 but they definitely provided material for sectarians and revolutionaries, as MORE for the anabaptists,

31

7 CAMPANELLA for the Jesuit state

31

8 in Paraguay,

31

9 MORELLY

32

0 for the "Club of Equals" in the French Revolution.

32

1 Transmigration of nations was suggested as a breeding experiment by BURTON in the 16th cent, as a refreshment of the old stock.

32

2 Similar advice for miscegenation was given by CAMPANELLA.

32

3 Religious persecution with genocide occurred in France against the protestants,

324 in Spain against the Moors.

32

5 More than a million French protestant left their country after revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

32

6 Genocide or fratricide was a common practice in the Ottoman Empire.

32

7 When after centuries of banishment from England the Jews were again readmitted to that country, the suggestion was made that they should colonize Ireland and make it their "promised land".

328 On the contrary, Bavaria invented a new genocidal method for Jews at the end of the 18th cent, by restricting their marriages.

32

9 The attitude of the puritanical English settlers toward native Amerindians was no better than genocide.

33

0 Depopulation was wide spread in many countries in this era.

33

1 After the Thirty Years War, Germany was so devastated that two centuries were hardly able to restore normal conditions.

33

2 Austria-Hungary suffered from Turkish occupation, and needed recolonization.

33

3 Iceland was considerably depopulated, and even illegitimacy was considered respectable.

33

4 Alcoholism was common everywhere,

335 and it was regarded as a cause of depopulation in Sweden.

33

6 For the check of depopulation, inducement of immigration,

33

7 tax exemptions,

33

8 restriction of emigration

339 were the usual measures. Poverty was known to lead to death, disease, and depopulation.

34

0 In Bavaria, for the control of pauperism the marriage of proletars was restricted.

34

1 The knowledge of genetics and heredity was purified from many superstitions in the 16—18th centuries. The thought of continuity of life became stronger.

34

2 Sterility was still cured with drinks and syrups,

34

3 and fecundity was increased by race mix18