J. Antall szerk.: Medical history in Hungary 1972. Presented to the XXIII. International Congress of the History of Medicine / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 6. (Budapest, 1972)

M. Vida: State-Models (Utopias) and Sociology of Medicine

M. Vida : State-Mo dels (Utopias). 15 is unhealthy or becomes sick, one is not able to nurse efficiantly the others."

12 It is not necessery to organize and direct public health by the state in the aristocratic communism governed by intellectuals, because people reamin healthy as a result of perfect education. Only injuries could be obtained in battles against external enemies or epidemics might cause diseases. Since an ideal state requires ideal citizens, it is a primary task to organize communities for women and children. The role of women, their possibilities and positions should be estimated, regarding the importance of descendents. Concerning emancipation Plato maintained his views surpassing feudalist and capitalist societies, when he declared that capability between man and woman is not basic, only gradual differences exist. It results from this that the education and duties of women are the same as those of men, and may be equally adapted in every profession; ".. .we can say that by nature some woman have the capability of a physician, while others are rather apt for physical culture or fight."

13 Naturally, the most capable ones could be "guards", because they may occupy various positions ranking with men in physical and mental ability. At the same time their activities around the family fireplace will be cancelled. The artificial selection is most suitable for obtaining the perfection of population in both of physical and mental qualities

: the state provides sexual union between the sons and daughters of prominent citizens. The only aim of their marriage is to secure descendents. The state takes newborn infants away from their parents and brings up them in institutes established for this purpose. Handicapped children are hidden

—as it had been done in Sparta

—Plato even authorized artificial labor and food-restriction from worthless children.

1

4 Later on it will be seen that in the constitutional theories in each historical period issues of progeny and infant-care are connected with sociology of medicine directed by the state. The relationship between men and women is rationalistic and lacks any emotion, it is based on begetting, therefore it was to be carried out only in forms organized and directed by the state. 2. UTOPIA OF HUMANISM Although Augustine (St. Augustine), founder of the Christian theory of state and his theoretical work: "De civitate Dei" has no relevance to sociology or medicine, considering our aim, his work cannot be omitted from our study, because of its influence on mediaeval culture. It had a significant impact on the Utopias of the humanist period because the aim of Augustine's state was also to maintain peace and to defend external security. Like the humanists in the 15th century, he placed morality above authority and demanded to 1

2 Plato op. cit. 859 p. 1

3 Plato op. cit. 926 p. 1

4 Dános, Á. — Kovács, G.

; A szociális eszmék fejlődése. (Development of Social Theories.) Bp. 1925, 118 p.; see Plato op. cit. Book IX.