Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 66-68. (Budapest, 1973)

TANULMÁNYOK - Bugyi Balázs: Az iparegészségügy kezdetei Magyarországon (1928-ig) (angol nyelven)

hibitions for the railway rails they were producing. A certain Gillain of Belgium set up in 1868 in Pest a locomotive and waggon factory and sold it in 1870 to the Hungarian state; thence it was run and pushed on a rapid course of development under the name MAVAG to substitute domestic produced railway engines for the foreign purchased stock. The manufacture of railway carriages took place in the MÁVAG Factory, in the waggon plant of Ganz Works and later also in the Hungarian Waggon Factory of Győr. The first railway of Hungary was put to service 125 years ago whence the building of railways started to gain ever wider extent. III. Despite all the conspicuous industrial headway, most of the factories operated at low capacities and were employing few workers. Production, both in quantity .as well as quality, was lagging behind that of the much higher developed industries of Austria, Bohemia and Moravia. A flame with national sentiments in the second third of the 19th century, Hungary was taking earnest efforts to make her industry rank on a par and become independent, and publicity in favour of this idea became something like a national program. Organizations like the National Union for Industry, the Society for Promotion of Interests, the Industrial Foundation Trust and the like were called one after the other into being, all with the endeavour, at exhibitions, fairs, charity bazaar sales and similar features, to meet the demands of domestic consumers with home produced goods. Headway in the making of textiles, leather goods, coaches, carriages and victuals, all were regarded as national interests; but denounced as a kind of "treason" was whatever seemed, no matter how faintly, to counteract this development. The miserable conditions of workers in the manufacturing industries, the harms of health and the works accidents they suffered were not even allowed to come into the picture. Hungary at that time, caught in a semi-colonial state, was making a bid for self-sufficient industrial production, thereby putting workers to a heavier degree of exploitation than in Austria and Bohemia under those much higher developed industries, which were producing cheaper and better goods in larger quantities. Moreover, female and juvenile labour, not known in Hungary until then, came to be employed on rapidly increasing scale. The hungarian physicians, though no exception from the rule of expousing the program of industrialization at all costs, could still not evade dealing with the social welfare and health problems of the working class, its gradually deteriorating state of sickliness and of proneness to accidents. Published as early as 1780 in Pozsony and Leipzig was a book "Medizinische Polizey" by municipal health officer of Pozsony: Zakariás Huszty, a Hungarian disciple of the great health organizer Johann Peter Frank, But the medical profession at Hungary showed little understanding for the industrial health problems raised