Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 66-68. (Budapest, 1973)

TANULMÁNYOK - Regöly-Mérei Gyula: A középkori és régi magyar egyetemek, különös tekintettel a budapesti orvosi kar jelentőségére a tudománytörténetben (angol nyelven)

of Leopoldina Academia (Ephemerides, 1675, Obs. 202, De quibusdam in dissectione recens natorum observâtes) still in use to make certain that the child was born alive. Sámuel Benkö compared the date of pathological processes with the findings of dissection (Ephemerides meteorologico-medicináé annorum 1780-93, I-V. 1794; Novae Ephemerides astronomico-medici annorum 1794-1801, 1802) and became in this way an early precursor of clinico-pathology and meteoropathology. Add to this historical tradition the close friendship of master and disciple as cultivated between one of the greatest pathologists Rokitansky and several Hungarian physicians, Balassa, Semmelweis, Markusovszky, Arányi and Scheuthauer, the latter two having been members of Rokitansky^ school. It is therefore not accidental that as early as in the schoolyear 1843-44 the Institute of Pathological Anatomy was established by Lajos Arányi at the University of Pest which was founded very early in European relations for at that time but a few similar chairs existed (Strasbourg, Edinburgh, Paris, London, Vienna). The "anatomical view" made the localization of diseases possible, added to the working up of physical diagnostics, guaranteed the correctness of Auenbrugger's and Laennec's methods. Here again the comparative research work of Rokitansky and Skoda played an important part. Though Morgagni wrote "anatomical letters" in the sense of Symptomatology in his book, yet his conclusions excluded from the Medicine the Ontology, the General Symptomatology and the Nosology giving place to the development of the new conception which investigates the essence and the cause of pathological processes. Balassa decidedly supported this conception. The morphological conception and the notion of localizing diseases prevaded the ideas of medical profession in Pest in the first third of the last century and that is why percussion and suscultation scon spread in Hungary too (Bugát, Schoepf-Merei, Sauer etc.). The "anatomical view" guided the way of thinking of the greatest Hungarian physician, Semmelweis. In the middle of the last century—under the influence of Claude Bernard— chemical points prevail in Medicine. In 1872 an independent Institute of Biochemistry was established in Budapest for Pál Plósz, at that time such an institute existed only in Tübingen (HoppeSey 1er). Wunderlich was among the first to point out that morphological changes alone do not give enough information about the pathological process, the knowledge of functional changes is also necessary. That is how the functional conception was set up, in the working up and spreading of which but also in applying physico-chemistry to medical purposes, the Medical School in Budapest in the person of Sándor (Alexander) Korányi took the independent initiative and the lead. Grote, Volhard, Fahr as well as Strauss are fully justified to call Sándor Korányi the father of modern pathology of kidney diseases, he really is the creator of the clinical functional pathology and that is why he was put forward for the Nobel-Prize. We will come back to his discover of renal insufficiency when discussing the scientific achievements of our University. As to the organization of the University an early endeavour after specialization is to be observed at the Faculty of Medicine in Budapest. The Clinic of Oph-