Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 64-65. (Budapest, 1972)
TANULMÁNYOK - Gribanov, Edvard D.: A bankjegyek orvostörténeti jelentősége (orosz nyelven)
rpuuanoe, 3. JI.: MeflnunHa Ha #eHe>KHbix 3HaKax, cöopHinc «COBSTCKHH KOJiaeKHnoHep», 1965, 99—108. rpuóauoe, 3. ff.: Te\ia MeamwHbi B OTOÖpaMceHHH Ha fleneacHbix 3HaKax, CôopHHK «H3 HCTOpHH Me/IHHHHbl», T. VII, 1967, 95—110. Bepc, 3. K.: PHMCKHC MOHÊTW KaK HCTopHKO-MeanuHHCKHe naMHTHWKH, CöopHHK «H3 HCTOpHH MÊaHUHHbl», T. V, 1963, 129 131. MazuAbHUifKUÜ, C. C: 04)TaHbMOKorHa B HyMH3MaTHKe, BecTHHK o({)Ta^bMOJiornn, 1968, 6, 87—88. Summary When commodity-money circulation arose in the slave-owning system of society in the 7th century B. C. on the territory of Lydia, the first coins made from alloy of gold and silver also appeared. This practice was later-used by other countries. But antique coins were not only means of circulation. They were also material monuments of their own epoch during the centuries. Many of them have pictures of gods and rulers. And at the same time some coins have pictures and inscriptions of a medical content. The following pictures on antique coins have medical interest: mice, flus, locust, baths, ponds, mineral springs, sink; ears of bar ley, date-palms, olive branches, apples, bunches of grapes, buds and flowers of rose, fruits of garnet. On coins there were placed pictures of Apollo, Asklepios (Aesculapus), Hygieia, Telesphorus, which were in direct relation with medicine. There are often found on coins pictures of snake, a bowe with a snake, the rod of Asklepios and the tripod of Apollo, entwined with a snake. On antique coins the are also pictures of the outstanding physicians of slave-owning society who had done great service to mankind: Hippocrat, Xenophon, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Arcagaphos, Galen. After ancient Greece and Rome Europe had no money with pictures of any medical interest for about 1500 years. In the Middle Ages —the epoch of ignorance and superstition —-many charms appeared which served as "safeguard" against epidemics. With this aim coins were made, called "pesttallers" (from the Latin "pestis"-plague). We know about 250 of such charms issued in the towns of Europe. In the 19th and 20th centuries there were special coins issued for some settlements of lepers, for the blind, for hospitals and ambulances. Many drugists, pharmacists and dentists issued their own money in Europe and in America too. During World War I and after it a great number of money was issued for local circulation. There were coins of medical interest and coins devoted to the Society of the Red Cross (Germany, Russia, Czehoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and others). Some coins were in memory of jubilees of the oldest University of Europe which he medical departments (Czehoslovakia, Austria, Poland, Estonia and others). Us to the present time more than 600 outstanding representatives of medicine have been pictured on post-stampsall over World and only about 40 physicians were pictured on money. In most cases they were honoured for their political services but not for their medical activity. Among them there are other representatives from all ends of the globe: Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Theodor Billroth, Ignaz Semmelweis, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Jan Pourkine, Osvaldo Krus, John MackLaflin, Jonas Basanavichus, Nicolas Kopernikus, Sun Jat-Sen, Jose Risal, Santiag Ramon y Kahal, Johann Schiller, Ludvig Zamenhof, Max Planck, Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Max Pettenkoffer and others.
