Palla Ákos szerk.: Az Országos Orvostörténeti Könyvtár közleményei 3. (Budapest, 1956)

J. BALOGH, M. D.: The hungarian traumatic surgery in the first part of the 19th century

qualifiy as docents for years at the Pest university, because they were Protestants. However, progress could not be stopped. In 1857, the first number of O. H. is published by Markusovszky, Semmelweis is in a dramatic fight for antisepsis, in 1868 the use of carbolic acid is reported on. In the same year it is announced in O. H. that the Minister of Religion and Education, with consent from His Imperial Highness, permitted that Sándor Lumniczer deliver lectures on problems of Forceful Injuries at the University, in the quality of assistant professor. This is the first time that traumatic surgery is acknowledged by official circles. More and more signs indicate that our country has started on the way of capitalism and the first description of the mitrailleuse submachine gun originates from a Hungarian doctor, who took part in the Franco

—Prussian war, in which the submachine gun was used for the firr time. During the first 71 years of the 19th century surgery in this country had been practiced by individuals who had qualified as 1. M. D.-s, 2. doctors of surgery, 3. masters of surgery (3 years course at the university), 4. civilian surgeons (2 years course at the university). In 1872 the degree of universal doctor of medical sciences was introduced and the former surgical courses were abolished. A new era opened, from the point view of political social and medical life alike.