Körmöczi Katalin szerk.: Historical Exhibition of the Hungarian National Museum 3 - From the End of the Turkish Wars to the Millennium - The history of Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries (Budapest, 2001)
ROOM 13. Culture and National Consciousness at the End of the 18th Century and in the First Half of the 19th Century (Eszter Aczél)
41. Apron of a master of a masonic lodge, 2nd half of the 18th century which the child Mozart used on his concert tours. The inscription on it denotes its provenance: "Joh. Andr. Stein Orgel u. Claviermacher in Augsburg 1762". With his creations "The Magic Flute" and "A Short Freemasonry Cantata", Mozart erected in his work a lasting monument to the spirit of freemasonry. The first masonic lodge in Hungary, the one founded in Pozsony (Bratislava) in 1749, was established by Hungarian freemasons who had joined the movement in Vienna. Ferenc Kazinczy and Gergely Berzeviczy (1763-1822) were both freemasons, as were Ignác Martinovics and his comrades. The operation of the lodges was restricted in a decree issued by Joseph II in 1785, and after the detection of Martinovics and his accomplices, freemasonry was banned (1795). LANGUAGE RENEWAL In Hungary right up until the end of the 18th century, Latin was the language used in politics and science alike, but was becoming less and less suitable to describe the new phenomena of a changing world. The demand emerged that Latin, a dead language with a finite vocabulary and petrified grammar, be replaced by Hungarian, the national language. However, the language of the people needed to be refined. This work was undertaken by the language renewal movement, under the leadership of Ferenc Kazinczy (1759-1831). The struggle between the so-called orthologues, who adhered to old forms, and the neologues, the bold language reformers, ended with the victory of the lastmentioned around 1820. Visitors can see outstanding literary and linguistic relics of this struggle. The renewed Hungarian language first began its triumphant progress in literature. The first half of the 19th century was a time of upswing in literary life and of animation in the Press. Works permeated with Enlightenment ideas were followed by others conceived in the spirit of National Romanticism and Plebeian Populism, both of which developed from the 1820s onwards. Many of the literary works of the period served to prepare the ground for the 1848 revolution. Besides their literary work, writers also played an active role in public life. The first of the works shown is Mihály Csokonai Vitéz's Dorottya. Next come Mihály Fazekas 's Matyi Ludas, József Katona's Bánk bán, and Mihály Vörösmarty's Zalán s Flight. The selection ends with Sándor Petőfi's János Vitéz and József Eötvös 's The Village Notary. Besides manuscripts - Kölcsey's National Anthem and Vörösmarty 's Appeal are both in the handwriting of their re-
