Fehér György szerk.: A Magyar Mezőgazdasági Múzeum Közleményei 1992-1994 (Budapest, 1994)

11. Nemzetközi Gazdaságtörténeti Kongresszus, 1994., Milánó (llth International Economic History Congress) - FÜLÖP ÉVA MÁRIA: Changing forms of employment at the landed-property of Benedictine Monastery of Tihany (Hungary) after the liberations of serfs (1848-1949)

From among the properties in Zala county the religious order sold the estate of Tósok in 1886 to the parish that had been leasing the monastery's properties up to that time as well. As for the tenancies, the so-called „minor royal benefits" (regale) were often given to Jewish leaseholders. For example, the Löwen tritt brothers, selling timber and iron-wares, leased a ground from the Abbey at the railway station of Szántód, for the transfer and storing of their consignments. Salamon Löwentritt took by lease the ferry-tavern at Szántód as well. He undertook to build a new inn near the railway, which he would lease himself for 13 years after its construction. After the expiry of this contract the building would devolve without compensation to the domain. But the monastery also supported the construction: by providing it with stone, bricks burnt at Szántód and timber at limited price. In some cases the leased out deforestations brought an additional benefit, beyond the cash paid per area unit, by imposing on the leaseholder in the contract the reforestation of the field after the termination of time. For example, in 1871 Ferenc Ney and Antal Weisz, also Jewish tenants, paid a sum determined per cadastral yoke for the 205 yokes deforestation taken by lease during the 3 years of tenure of land and in the last year they were obliged to plant the field with acorn received from the monastery. The Order also leased out the right of fishing on the water surface of Balaton being due to the Monastery of Tihany while reserving a certain part of the catch — beside the rent — for the needs of this monastery and for the Hungarian centre of the Benedictine Order, the Arch-Abbey of Pannonhalma. At the end of the century labour demand of the estates can be said already balanced from the point of view of the yearly, permanent employees. The number of craftworkers and farm labourers dealing with animals increased and their skill became specialised. Unlike the neighbouring secular estates, it was a rare occurence when the farm labourers moved off the domain and looked for a new place at the termination of the contract's period. One cause of this was the pension, which the old-aged, unable to work farm labourers, in certain cases their widows or sick labourers could get. But this was not a regulated allowance, each case was judged separately. Medical attention of the permanent employees was performed by the doctor of the domain. The monastery bore the cost of officinal accounts as well. On the other hand, the farm labourers' dwelling situation can be said resolved only partly. Although there were several modern buildings, too, in the domains, in certain farms dwellings lodging several families in one room with common kitchen also remained. At the turn of the century and in the 1910s labour paid in proportion to yield was employed in the domain at reed cutting, grain harvesting and threshing, share cropping was employed to cultivate hoed plants (potato, fodder beet, corn) with a half or third share system while day-labourers were employed first of all for collecting rough fodder. The rate of labour paid in proportion to the yield and share cropping was endeavoured to be kept at low level. In 1911 at Szántód almost all the potato fields cultivated in half yield system, and all the beet fields cultivated on a third part basis were given to farm labourers. For the lands cultivated in share cropping system by leasehol-