Technikatörténeti szemle 6. (1971-72)

TANULMÁNYOK - Dóka Klára: A pest-budai iparosok szerszámkészlete a reformkorban

73 BFL Pesti It. Test. a. n. 624. 74 BFL Pesti lt. Test. a. n. 417, 755, 3037. 75 BFL Budai lt. Inv. 1460. 76 BFL Pesti lt. Test. a. n. 2158. 77 BFL Pesti lt. Int. a. n. 5491. 78 BFL Pesti lt. Rel. a. n. 14490. 79 BFL Pesti lt. Tan. 2088/1853. 80 BFL Pesti lt. Int. a. m. 5763. 81 BFL Pesti lt. Test. a. n. 2486. Budai lt. Inv. n. 1477. 83 BFL Pesti lt. Test. a. n. 2105, 2364, 3511, 3680. 83 BTM. 511235/29. sz. bábsütő minta KLÂRA DÔKA: „THE TOOLS OF THE CRAFTSMEN OF PEST-BTJDA IN THE REFORM ERA" The study deals with the equipment of the handicraftsmen's workshops of PestBuda in the 19 th century, on the basis of legacy inventories. In this period craftmanship was developing in Hungary and in the neighbouring territories in the framework of the guild system. Conditons of capitalist production sprang up and the growing manufacturing industry became a more and more dangerous rival for the handicraftsmen. The rise of production made its influence felt on the craftsmen's tools as well. In some branches of industry the craftsmen took up the fight with the factories and provided their workshops with dear tools, in other branches the manufacture wore out the workshops' production. Sometimes there were differences even within the trades themselves. The most varied tools were to be found in the possession of the masters of the wood industry. In the workshops three groups of tools could be discerned : work bench — accessory tools — commonly used tools. The joiners' work-bench was exchanged by the coopers for the bucker, by the turners for the Lathe, and by the hoopers for the croze. The value of the work-benches, the quantity of the reserve and accessory tools were determined by the master's financial condition, and his position within the town's handicraft system. Metallurgy showed downward tendencies in both of the discussed towns during the reform era. Under civic circumstances especially the handicraft ironworking declined, but at the same time the spread of other metals brought into existence new branches of industry je. g. the working up of tin and brass). The quantity of the tools of the metallurgists is various. It was the goldsmiths and the clockmakers who used the least tool, while the locksmiths proveded their workshops with precious instruments. The handicraft forms of textile industry disappeared as a result of the rivalry of industrial production and the wares imported by merchants. Only the croppers and the button-makers — having worked with pressing machines — were viable in the middle of the 19 th century. The craftsmen-having worked up textiles (tailors, hatters) possessed a minimum of tools, like the master of nearly every branches of leather and skin industry. In the workshops of tanners and cordovan-makers only soaking and storing vessels and a few small leather-cleaning tools were recorded, while int the workshops of leather processing industry a peculiar differentiation can be observed : the masters were in the possession of only the work-benches, and it was the journeymen who owned the small tools. The different trades of food industry also belonged to those ones where little tools were used. The quantity of the masters' tools was in inverse ratio to the quantity of wares left on hand. In well equipped workshops one produced wares easy to sell. The value of the tools depended on the masters' wealth, but it was not directly proportional to it. As a rule, the craftsmen with mediocre wealth possessed the most valuable workshops, compared with their property. Denoting this in figures, we observe, that the most valuable tools were in the possession of the coppers: more than 1000 Gulden worth, then came the locksmiths, above 300 Gulden: and then the joiners, between 200 and 300 Gulden, the goldsmits, clockmakers, buttonmakers and the masters in the food industry etc. under 100 Gulden.