Molnár Pál szerk.: Az Országos Hadtörténeti Múzeum Értesítője 1. (Budapest, 1971)

HALÁPI LÁSZLÓ: Rendjelek és kitüntetések az Országos Hadtörténeti Múzeum éremtárában. I. rész

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