Kőszegi Frigyes: A Dunántúl Története A Későbronzkorban (BTM műhely 1. kötet Budapest, 1988)

Időrendi és történeti áttekintés (The history of Transdanubia during the late bronze age.) Bilingual-bilingvis.

colour of the vessels, furthermore their combined occurance can be primarily mentioned as the basic determining factors of the Vál Culture. The ethnogenesis of the Vál Culture can be sought in two important factors : on the one hand in the basic population related to the earlier occupying Cseke-Mosonyszolnok people, on the other hand in the early Urnfield people's expansion in southern Moravia and northern Austria. These latter ones are presumably the ones responsible for the break in the life of the early UK in Transdanubia, furthermore for the promotion of the younger Urnfield development. The third phase presumably was a short period, and can hardly be separated in some places from previous periods. Mostly it is contemporary with the flourishing Velatice Culture, and with the advanced phase of the already developed Gáva and Kyjatice Cultures, and with the events of the 3/a period (Kemenczei) of the Hungarian Late Bronze Age. The Slovenian Dobova-Ruse group is supposedly dated to this time which corresponds with the tum of the HA1 and the HA2 period, roughly the first decades of the 11th century B. C. It is very likely that is was during these decades when the earlier and later representations (Kisapát—Lengyeltóti and Jászkarajenő— Uzsavölgy, respectively) of Kurd (and Gyermely) type hoards continually found their way underground.

506 No such unity of development as during the early and older phases of UK had ever been demonstrated in the western part of the Carpathian Basin. Mainly the identical elements of pottery, the scarce but mainly territorial differences indicate that the military type leading stratum of the late Tumulus period extended its power beyond Transdanubia to southwestern Slovakia, the northern area of Lake Fertő (Neusiedlersee), furthermore the expansion of the culture reached the Great Plains also and the area south of the Drave. The seemingly similar pottery of this wide area is accompanied by similar bronze industry, known by the name of Kurd in Transdanubia. The numerous mutual form elements of the material culture indicate that the ethnic groups of the period had close political links, even if they were diverse ethnically. General aspects of the development of the western Hungary early Urnfield Culture had been examined. The connections of the previously established late Tumulus population explain the numerous foreign types in the material remains of the Urnfield Culture. Among the weapons the T and solid hilted daggers are from the Pontus area or from Anatolia transmitted by direct connections via the lower Danube or Tisza area. The curved edged daggers and short swords are witness of the same connection. The defense weaponry, greaves, helmets and cuirasses, etc., or at least their prototypes are of Mediterraenean—Anatolian background. The material of the Csórva cemetery also indicate the eastern Hungarian connections of the Late Tumulus Culture population. Two of the three main components of the cemetery are of Transdanubian origin. In the graves dated to the first phase there are pottery and bonzes almost identical with the late Tumulus types of the Bakony area. The Kurd-Röschitz type fibulae of the area of the cemetery indicate that some of the graves date to the second phase or possibly to the beginning of the third. These are the graves which contain very characteristic pieces of the early Urnfield Culture of Transdanubia.

507 The material culture of the Csórva group clearly proves the expansion of the Transdanubian Urnfield Culture to be traced in several waves. Some waves reached rather east also, as some finds of the Great Plains and Transylvania unanimously prove it.

508 This connection was naturally mutual since the eastern Hungarian, lower Danube area cultural elements played an important role in the developments of the Transdanubian Urnfield Culture. The surprising similarity of the elements of the Cseke— Mosonyszolnok character pottery with the early Gáva may be the result of the intensive links between the proto-Gáva featured population of the southern area. The culture of the wide and slanted fluted pottery is familiar in the Carpathian Basin, its development is connected with the beginning of the second phase of UK. The culture was formed by a rather mixed Late Bronze Age population who were under the rule of the warriors using tumulus graves with the participation of contemporary cultures of eastern Hungary. It must be taken into consideration that the most important vessel types of this period indicate metal antecedents and accordingly along with other bronze objects bring up the possibility of Mediterraenean origins. The classical Greek traditions mention that Thracian troops from the European side of the Hellespontus fought along the enemy in the Trojan war.

509 This must have been the period when the Thracians as allies or mercenaries acquainted themselves with the most modern war techniques. The Lower Danube pottery of the VII/bl-2 layers, following the destruction of the city clearly proves that Thracian elements could have reached Troy and the data of Homer, as in many other cases, are crediable. The same traditions saved for us the adventurous return of the Greek heroes from the Trojan war, the journey, full of robbery, looting, smaller or larger fights, wars.

510 Even if no traditions survived, the situation must have been the same with the Trojan allies and perhaps the historical events happening at this time in southeastern Europe may even indicate this. N. K. Sandars may have a point in relating the development of the middle European Urnfield Culture with the unrestful, full of war events of the 12th century B. C.

5U Presumably the return of war veterans might have opened a new era in the Late Bronze Age history of the northern shores of the Black Sea and the lower Danube area. Perhaps these events could have been brought into connection with the fluted pottery appearing here around the middle of the 12th century B. C. The material of the Oltenian sites (Virtop, Plopsor) undoubtedly point to finds of