Budapest Régiségei 36. (2002) – In memoriam Rózsa Kalicz-Schreiber (1929-2001)

M. Virág Zsuzsanna: Data on the middle copper age archaeological topography of Budapest environs : sites of the Ludanice Culture = Adatok Budapest középső rézkorának topográfiájához : a Ludanice kultúra lelőhelyei 93-113

DATA ON THE MIDDLE COPPER AGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF BUDAPEST ENVIRONS and a tub-form vessel pointing at Ludanice formal analogies mainly were found at Pécel occurring together with classical Bodrogkeresztúr jugs.

79 The best parallels of the Rákoscsaba grave-goods are known from NE Transdanubia and Budapest environs, but one of the jugs in the assemblage can be fit also into the forms of the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture (Fig. 12. 1). The two-handled cup and hemispherical bowl of the burial assemblage from Csabai street presented here point at Bodrogkeresztúr analogies both in form and ornamentation. A bunch of parallel lines around the neck, knots set on the flare perpendicular to the handles and the bunches of lines joining in a triangle belong to the characteristic features of this culture.

80 A close connection with the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture can be traced in the form of the bowl with handle, though the rim here is slightly raised in the case of the Budapest specimen. On the basis of the scanty evidence collected and presented here we can risk the following hypotheses concerning the cultural affiliation of the Northern territories in the Middle Copper Age. Infiltration of the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture can be followed well, even by the sporadical finds, along the valleys of the rivers Zagyva, Tápiő, Galga, and Tarna. On the territories to the East of the Danube, the Gödöllő hills and the f oothill region of the Cserhát Mts., the characteristic features of the culture appeared; its traces could be followed till the line of the Danube, around Vác. At the same time, on the same territory, the traces of the sporadical presence of Ludanice Culture were equally found. It seems that the Ludanice Culture was in contact with the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture to the east of the rivers Danube and Ipoly around Vác and the Gödöllő hills (Nagytarcsa, Pécel, Rákoscsaba-Újtelep) as well as the foothill region of the Mátra Mts. (Tarnabod). These fractions of the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture had left their tribal quarters along the Tisza river and infiltrated these regions along the river valleys. To the North of these sites, the characteristic 'milk jug" of the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture is known from Ludanice itself which can be evaluated as an import product. 79 KŐVÁRI 1980. III. t. 80 E.g.: PATAY 1961. VII. t. 3. 81 KA Liez 1966. 17. The sporadical occurrence of Ludanice type finds denote the population of the Northern hills and mountainous region by these people. This idea, raised by the Hungarian research

81 and maintained as most likely even today is represented by J. Pavuk, who also argued for the north-Hungarian presence of Ludanice Culture.

82 The Mónosbél and Füzesabony finds occurring in the area of the Bükk Mts., far from the tribal quarters of the Ludanice Culture are connected from typological point of view to the circle of finds around Budapest, in respectively NE Transdanubia and SW Slovakia. The natural endowments of the territory is also similar to those of the settlement environment of the Ludanice Culture as known so far, still it takes a lot of further studies to ascertain the independent presence of this culture till the Bükk Mts. unambiguously

83 The connections of the territory of the capital with the Transdanubian Balaton-Lasinja Culture are marked, in the first place, by the appearance and frequency of bowls with biconical form and inverted rim. The continuation of preceding Late Lengyel traditions can be demonstrated in the occurrence of clay spoons, pedestal bowls, amphorae and barrel-shaped vessels.

84 III. SUMMARY The data published in the present study were aimed at completing our knowledge on sites known from the beginning of the Middle Copper Age from the territory of the capital. Together with the finds of the Remete-cave, a cultural entity can be clearly delineated connected most to the Ludanice Culture. There are, however, shades of difference attestable on the two banks of the Danube. On the basis of characteristic features and their frequency of occurrences among pottery finds, the Buda side is more intensively connected to the Balaton-Lasinja Culture while the Pest side is more closely related to the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture. The strengthening of these observations based on very scarce finds on the eastern bank need further arguments and further archaeological evidences. «2 PAVÚK 2000.15-21. 83 The evaluation of the cultural position of the region can be expected from the discovery of new find assemblages. 8*VIRAC1997. 13. 99