Budapest Régiségei 35/1. (2002)

Endrődi Anna: Adatok Békásmegyer őskori településtörténetéhez : a késő rézkori kultúra települései és temetkezései 35-75

ADATOK BÉKÁSMEGYER ŐSKORI TELEPÜLÉSTÖRTÉNETÉHEZ FACTS CONCERNING THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF BÉKÁSMEGYER: SETTLEMENTS AND BURIAL-PLACES OF THE BADEN CULTURE FROM THE LATE COPPER AGE The Danube bank in Békásmegyer - located in Budapest's 3

rd district - is one of the capital's most significant archeological findspots. The area extends from the mouth of the Barát brook - which arrives from the direction of Budakalász - to Csillaghegy the southern tip of the Szentendre island. In the west the area is bordered by Budakalász and Üröm. The capital's earliest excavations can be tied to the Danube bank in Békásmegyer, where several significant archeological findspots - representing time periods ranging from the Neolithic Age to the late Middle Ages - have been discovered (figure 1). During the rescue excavations - carried out continuously between 1931 and 1963 - 21 findspots were excavated. Nine of these brought forth finds which shed light on the settlements and burial-places of the Baden Culture from the late Copper Age. As only a fraction of the finds have seen publication, one of our aims was to remedy this situation. We defined the typological characteristics and were also able to conduct an examination of the relationship between the various late Copper Age settlements of the Békásmegyer microregion. Following the area's geomorphological examination, it was established (F Schweitzer, J. Balog) that chronologically the archeological findspots can be connected to three characteristic surface types: terrace layer No. Il/a (26-32 thousand years old), the younger, unflooded early Holocene terrace No. I (more than 10 thousand years old) and the high summit and slooping incline layers found where the flood area forms and the foot of mountain/lTill forms meet. The late Copper Age settlements and burial-places ran north and south along the one-time bank of the Danube, at certain places extending eastwards as much as 250-300 meters. Along the Budapest section of the Danube (and on the banks of its subsidiary brooks) an additional chain of settlements can be detected. In Békásmegyer the burial-places are connected to these settlements. No separate cemeteries were discovered in the examined area. Fonyód-type finds of the Boleraz and Baden Cultures were not found. Intensive settlement can be detected in the Culture's classic and late phases. Comparison can be drawn between the aforementioned periods and the typologically characteristic finds from Ossarn (I) and Pavuková (II/b-IV/a). Scattered finds from the Kosztolác Culture were also discovered in the area, indicating the Culture's episodic presence. The material collected from the Békásmegyer-Kollár area (findspot No. 1), Pünkösdfürdő (findspot No. 2) and the holiday resort of the former Metroplitan Council (findspot No. 9) is beyond doubt from the classical phase of the Baden Culture. On the other hand, in the material of finds excavated at the Békásmegyer Water Company resort (findspot No. 7) and the BUVATI water-sports base (findspot No. 11), late Baden finds are also represented. The material from the Békásmegyer Water Company resort consists of finds from the last period of the Baden Culture to come before the Kosztolác development. These can be compared to the late Baden finds from Uny Iza II and Nitriansky HradokZámecek. No finds typical of Pécs-Vasas, Palotabozsok late Baden-Kosztolác (classified by Mayer into phase II) and Iza phase III are known from the Békásmegyer area. However, scattered finds from the Kosztolác Culture were found in the material. At the same time, it can be stated that from a viewpoint of the finds' typological characteristics, the settlements and burial-places of the Danube bank in Békásmegyer are most closely connected to the changes during the late Copper Age Baden Culture in southwestern Slovakia and eastern Austria. 43