Társadalomtörténeti múdszerek és forrástípusok. Salgótarján, 1986. szeptember 28-30. - Rendi társadalom, polgári társadalom 1. - Adatok, források és tanulmányok a Nógrád Megyei Levéltárból 15. (Salgótarján, 1987)
Angol nyelvi összefoglalók (English Summaries)
561 To conclude: the radical far-right succeeded in making a rather significant part of the middle classes align themselves with them — under the leadership of a small elite of intellectuals — and in moving the most disadvantaged groups out of their passivity. V. HIERARCHY, BUREAUCRACY AND MOBILITY IN THE 18-19th CENTURIES GÁBOR BENEDEK : The Ministerial Civil Servants in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy We tend to regard the Hungarian gentry (" dzsentri ") as the central figure of the society in the period of the Dual Monarchy . In the well-established opinion, the loss of its landed property as well as the decline of its income forced the Hungarian squirearchy to seek its livelihood in the state bureaucracy. It follows from this that the Hungarian gentry should have constituted the considerable large stratum in the feudal society at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The estimates relating to the structure of the feudal land-holding in the reform era does not support this view. Because the structural change of nineteenth-century feudal property is far from being clarified, the dilemma of our research is quite manifest. Therefore we try to set up some counterfactual method of the research. Instead of the long-lasting research of the change of the landed property, we follow a different way of reasoning, namely, we endeavour to investigate the social mobility of the Hungarian gentry. The loss of the landed property, of course, may have forced the gentleman to change its original occupation. Our question is whether this direction of mobility was common in the stratum of the ministerial civil servants in the era of the Dual Monarchy. Our investigation covers all of the state officials from the secretary rank to the under-secretary of state in the Hungarian Ministries, approximately thousand persons excluding the staff of the Croatian-Slavonian-Oalmatian Ministry. As far as the occupational mobility is concerned, it is quite obvious that the high immobility characterized this stratum. The ministerial civil servants rarely changed their original occupation or even the place of their employment therefore the leading positions in the ministries were held by the subsequent generations of their own internal staffs. We can find the considerable , external mobility only once during the period under our consideration. At the time of the establishment of the ministerial bureaucracy in 1B67! The liberal political leaders of the lower nobility were appointed to the leading posts of the ministries at that time. This political group only temporarily held its political positions in the ministries; during the subsequent years of 1867 they simply left their positions. The continuity between the political opposition of the lower nobility in the reform era and the ministerial civil servants in the age of the Dual Monarchy was disrupted by this process. The lower strata of the ministerial civil servants who held some low ranking positions in the ministries well before the Ausgleich of 1867, especially in the era of Bach, were promoted to the vacant positions of the higher state bureaucracy. It gives food for thinking that no one among the so-called Bach Hussars can be found who might have immigrated to Hungary from the hereditary provinces of Austria in the 1850's. (We have already managed to follow and reconstruct the course of life of twothirds of the Bach Hussars.)
