1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

10 years earlier. Within the socialist sector there was a slight shift in favour of the state sector: contrary to the 70 percent in 1970, in 1980 73 percent of the active earners were employed by state enterprises or state institutions. In correspondence to this the proportion of employed by cooperatives fell from 26 percent to 24 percent and the proportion of those employed in the private sector fell from 4 percent to 3 percent. The fall back of the cooperative sector was caused mainly by the decrease in the staff number of agricultural cooperatives. As a matter of fact the number of employed in the nonagricultural cooperatives increased since 197 0 in every branch by 135 thousand altogether, but the number of agricultural cooperative active earners decreased considerably by 222 thousand. Similarly to 10 years earlier, at the beginning of 1980 more than three fourths of the agricultural active earners were employed by agricultural cooperatives. THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS BY OCCUPATION, STAFF-GROUP AND ASSIGNMENT The tendency of the growing proportion of nonmanuals among the active earners continued - although to a smaller extent - also in the seventies. The earlier fast growth in the number of nonmanuals was the result of the accelerated technical, economic progress, and of the great need for qualified labour in the management and planning of the more complicated economic processes. We should not forget to mention, that the growth in the administration and management staff is superfluous in many cases and this also contributed to the growing staff number of the nonmanuals. In the seventies the growth in the number of nonmanuals was 24 percent which was considerably less than in the sixties (53 percent). This is the result on the one hand of the measures which limited the number of staff in certain jobs, first of all in the case of clerks, on the other hand the shrinking labour reserves were compensated for by better organization, but here we have to mention that the level of organization is still fairly low. The decrease in the number of manuals was similar in the seventies as in the previous decade (between 1970 and 1980 6 percent and between 1960 and 1970 5 percent). The decrease in the number of manuals was caused mainly by the decrease in the number of agricultural manuals, the decrease of which was well over the average. Between 1970 and 1980 the decrease in the number of active earners in agriculture and forestry was 23 percent, while the decrease in the number of agricultural manuals was 44 percent. The composition of active earners by occupational maingroups Occupational maingroup Number (in 1 000) Index Occupational maingroup 1960 1970 1980 1970 1960= 100 1980 1970=100 Manuals 3 938 3 736 3 520 Nonmanuals 822 1 253 1 549 Total 4 760 4 989 5 069 Percentage Manuals 82. 7 74. 9 69. 4 94. 9 94.2 Nonmanuals 17. 3 25. 1 30. 6 152. 5 123. 6 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 104. 8 101. 6 The number of active earner manuals decreased only in two occupational groups between 1970 and 1980: - in the group of the agricultural manuals the decrease was 406 thousand which took place mainly in the cooperative agriculture; - in the group of the other manual workers, here the decrease was 99 thousand, in this group there are works which do not require any kind of qualification, skill or expertise, subsidiary works like: cleaning, delivery, loading etc. The decrease of the staff number in the later group indicates the starting automatization of loading. At the same time the need is growing in the population for higher level work, so the labour-reproduction in these fields is uncertain. 98