1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

THE COMPOSITION OF THE ACTIVE EARNERS BY INDUSTRIES AND SOCIAL SECTORS The change in the composition of active earners by branches of industry in the seventies differs from the development tendency of earlier periods. In the sixties the basic change of the branch structure meant the replacement of the agriculture by the industry (in 1960 28 percent of the active earners were employed in the industry and more than 38 percent in the agriculture, these proportions were 36 percent and 24 percent in 1970 respectively). The change in the branch structure of the active earners in the seventies is characterized by the followings: - the growth of the service branches accelerated, partly because of the inflow from the material branches and partly because of the growing recruitment from among the young; - among the non-agricultural productive branches - different from earlier tendencies when the growth of manufacture and construction was the strongest - in the past decade the growth of employment was more considerable in transportation, communication and trade in fact the number of employed in manufacture and in construction slightly decreased since the mid seventies; - the outflow from agriculture to other branches was much more moderate. The number of active earners employed in manufacture grew by half million in the sixties, which was mainly the result of the growing employment of women, the growing inflow of the young and the inflow from agriculture. At the beginning of the seventies there was only a moderate growth in industry, and later at the mid seventies the growth process ended and from 1975 the number and proportion of the employed in manufacture gradually decreased. If look at the seventies as a whole, the number of those working in manufacture fell by 90 thousand (5 percent), at the same time the decrease in the number of young was 124 thousand which is more than the decrease in the employed in manufacture. The significance of this change is enhanced by the fact, that between 1960 and 1970 the number of those employed in manufacture was raised by 200 thousand young (below 30) people. The spreading child-careallowance also played a role in the decrease of the number of employed in industry. In 1980 twice as many women were on child-care-allowance in the industry than in 1970, the difference is 58 thousand. After accounting for them, the effective decrease in the number of employed in manufacture was much more moderate. In the course of the past decade the change in the number of employed was different in the various branches and sub-branches of the manufacture. The decrease in the number of employed in the heavy industry was 5 percent, same as the average for manufacture. But within the heavy industry the decrease is extraordinary in the mining branch, where at the beginning of 1980 there were 32 thousand (21 percent) less workers than ten years earlier. The decrease in the number of miners started already in the sixties and the process accelerated in the seventies. The closing of uneconomical mines which went on in the beginning of the seventies also had a role in this. In the light industry the decrease of the number employed was strongest in the timber industry and the textile industry, 22 percent and 18 percent respectively. Since two thirds of the employed in the textile industry are women, the decrease of this subbranch - besides the smaller need for labour due to the reconstruction of textile industry - is connected to the spread of child-care-allowance. In the past decade the number of active earners was growing in every nonindustrial branch except agriculture and forestry, but the pace of growth - except the service branches - was more moderate than in the previous decade. The staff number of the nonmaterial service branches grew in the seventies much stronger (by 30 percent) than in the previous decade (by 11 percent). In connection with the changes in the way of life and living standard there was a growing need for various services, and since most of the services are labour intensive by their character, the development necessarily brought about the raise of the staff number. Within the nonmaterial branch the increase in the staff number of the communal and administrative services was insignificant in the past decade, only 14 thousand, 6 percent. So the dynamic growth of the staff number took place in the other two service branches. In the field of the economic and personal services the staff number grew by 60 thousand, 45 percent since 1970, contrary to the 17 percent growth in the sixties. The staff number of the health, social and culture services grew by 41 percent in the past decade, the extent of the growth was the same in the sixties (42 percent), but the growth in number was much less than in the seventies. The number of active earners in agriculture and forestry decreased much more moderately between 1970 and 1980 (by 277 thousand) than in the sixties when the decrease was 600 thousand. In the sixties the decrease of staff number in agriculture came from the pensionings of old workers during the socialist reorganization of agriculture and from the outflow from agriculture to the industry and building industry. After 1970 - especially from 1972 - the mobility process slowened, and then in the 96