1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

IV. THE CHANGE IN THE POPULATION'S DEMOGRAPHIC AND EDUCATIONAL CHARAC-TERISTICS

The more than 400 thousand higher educated in nonmanual jobs constitutes 26 percent of all nonmanual active earners. This proportion is the result of the accelerating progress of the seventies, as a consequence of which the proportion of nonmanuals rose by 24 percent, and at the same time the proportion of higher educated by 61 percent. In the four occupational groups of the nonmanuals the rise in the proportion of higher educated was obviously not the same. Today half of those in the health and culture group, one third of the technical group, one fourth of the administration and economic management group have higher educational degree. Coming from the nature of their occupation the number of higher educated is still low in the accounting and financial group, where the nature of the activities are mainly routine nonmanual. Examining the occupational structure by the nature of qualification, we find that the occupational composition of the higher educated in health is the most homogeneous, 95 percent of them work in the health and culture sector. In the past decade the homogeneity was growing to the same extent in both sexes. In the pedagogy, science, general education group there is no such homogeneity. The growing feminization of this group in the past decade was caused by the fact that greater proportion of the men went to work to other jobs than of the women. The proportion of manual higher educated is higher in the case of men (2.7 percent) than of the women (0. 8 percent). Two decades earlier their proportion was high among the higher educated in law (14 percent). Today in most cases some groups get over the average because of material reasons, but the proportions are lower than two decades earlier. In 1980 one third of those in leading position and of the subordinate nonmanuals had higher educational degree. The proportion of higher educated was 1 percent among the routine nonmanuals. The assignment composition of the higher educated depends first of all on age. The majority of those in leading position are over thirty, among the 126 thousand leaders only 18 thousand (14 percent) are young. Among the young the proportion of leaders is lower among the university higher educated than among the other higher educated. 22 percent of the other higher educated are leaders contrary to the 16 percent of university higher educated. In older age the university higher educated get into more favourable positions. One of the reasons for this, is that the other higher educated start working earlier, but the different character of the qualification also plays a role. Among the nonmanuals the assignment composition depends to a great extent on the sex of the higher educated. 42 percent of the men and only 15 percent of the women get into leading position. At the same time the proportion of subordinate nonmanuals is 57 percent for men and 84 percent for women. The proportions of routine nonmanuals show smaller difference (0.9 percent and 1.2 percent respectively) . The differences in the proportions of the sexes should be considered to some extent natural, since the age, the length of time spent in a job is generally the main determinant of the assignment. At the same time if we examine the data by age groups, we find that in the older age groups twice as many men are leader than women, and the difference is still greater in the younger age groups (for example 28 percent of the higher educated 2 5-29 year old men are leader while only 8 percent of the women). From 40 to pension half of the men and only one fourth of the women become leader. The analysis of congruence shows that to what extent do the higher educated utilize their qualification in their jobs. The higher educated active earners by the nature of qualification and the extent of congruence Nature Total Occupation corresponds to qualification Total Occupation corresponds to qualification Nature Total yes partly no Total yes partly no percentage Manufacture 80 626 57 768 8 437 14 421 100. 0 71. 6 10. 5 17. 9 Construction 20 113 15 410 2 529 2 174 100. 0 76. 6 12. 6 10. 8 Agricultural 39 889 23 406 2 993 13 490 100. 0 58. 7 7.5 33. 8 Transport, communication 5 395 3 872 481 1 042 100. 0 71.8 8. 9 19. 3 Trade 4 7 56 3 205 249 1 302 100. 0 67.4 5. 2 27. 4 Water supply 2 849 1 316 1 052 481 100. 0 46. 2 36. 9 16. 9 Urban economy 369 248 75 46 100. 0 67. 2 20. 3 12. 5 Surface measuring 1 810 1 255 231 324 100. 0 69. 3 12.8 17. 9 Health 35 049 32 930 441 1 678 100. 0 93. 9 1.3 4. 8 Pedagogy, science. 10. 3 22. general education 149 358 100 821 15 319 33 218 100. 0 67. 5 10. 3 22. 2 Arts 6 717 4 081 713 1 923 100. 0 60. 8 10. 6 28. 6 Law, administration 19 982 15 121 787 4 074 100. 0 75. 7 3. 9 20. . 4 Economics 32 902 23 142 3 125 6 635 100. , 0 70. 3 9. 5 20. , 2 Other 12 404 5 132 2 514 4 758 100. , 0 41.4 20. 3 38. . 3 Total 412 219 287 707 38 946 85 566 100. . 0 69. 8 9.4 20. . 8 88