1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

IX. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILITY

The fertility of active earner married women was highest among the agricultural manuals both in 1970 and 1980. The number of children per 100 married women decreased from 240 to 229 among the plant cultivator women and increased by 11 percent to 234 in the case of animal breeder women. Besides them only women in subsidiary occupations (cleaners, office servants) reach the average two children (2. 27 and 1. 98). Although there was an increase in the average number of children of textile industrial women and hairdresser and cosmetician women (9 and 23 percent), the average number of children of the latter is still very low (12 5). The fertility of non-agricultural manual women is characterized by a general increase since 1960, which is different by branches of economy and staff groups (1-22 percent). It is characteristic for the 1960 and 1980 data as well, that the fertility is decreasing parallel with the growth of qualification. Among the nonmanuals the most fertile are the teachers, their average number of children is between 146 and 154 per 100 married women. Among specialized primary and secondary school teachers there was a 7-11 percent increase, among primary school teachers there was a slight decrease. It is a favourable phenomenon that the fertility of nurses looking after children increased by 6-13 percent. Among the nonmanual women the lowest average number of children is 130, the highest is 154, so their fertility is well below the national average for active earner married women. The fertility of active earner married women in certain occupations Individual occupations Number of children per 1 00 married women Individual occupations 1970 1980 Manuals Plant cultivator, gardener 240 229 Animal breeder211 234 Textile industrial 150 163 Cook 183 183 Hairdresser, cosmetician 102 125 Cleaner, heather 229 227 Porter, guard, office servant 198 198 Nonmanuals Designer 90 130 Telegraph and telephone operator 142 152 Commercial manageress 151 148 Catering industrial manageress 162 145 Nurse 141 150 Social worker 133 150 Secondary school teacher 134 149 Specialized primary school teacher 137 146 Primary school teacher 162 154 The examination of the effects of housing conditions on fertility is limited to the past 10 years. The data of the two censuses suggest that housing conditions are not determinant only influencing factor of fertility. The growth in the number of flats and the improvement in their size meant a favourable change in the housing conditions of married women. In 1970 40 percent of the married women lived in oneroom-flats, this proportion decreased by 50 percent by 1980 (18.5 percent). Married women living in two-rooms-flats constituted the largest group, their proportion was 48.3 percent in 1970, which increased to 50.8 percent by 1980. The number of married women living in three-or-more-rooms-flats grew more than twofold, and their proportion increased from 13.3. percent to 30.7 percent in the past 10 years. The average number of children of married women living in one-room-flats is only slightly lower today (172) than that of married women living in three-or-more-rooms-flats (176). The value of these two indicators were the other way around 10 years ago, this is the result of a measure introduced in 1975, which says that mothers with three or more children have to be given flat exclusive of turn. 136