1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

In the seventies the number of active earner manuals decreased in both sexes (5 percent and 6 percent respectively). Due to the demographic change and to the restratification in the seventies, the occupational structure of both sexes altered considerably. Despite the 125 thousand decrease in the number of manual men, men working in transport and communication grew by 71 thousand (35 percent), men employed in the building industry grew by 66 thousand (one fifth) and the number of industrial manual men increased by 29 thousand (4 percent). Simultaneously the number of agricultural manual men decreased by 223 thousand (44 percent) and by 95 thousand (one fourth) the number of the mainly unskilled other manual men. As a result of the diverging change in direction and extent of the staff numbers, there was shift in the occupational structure of the active earner manual men in favour of such agricultural occupations which require expertise and various skills. The number of active earner manual women decreased by 90 thousand in the course of the past decade, but the decrease in the number of women employed in the agriculture was more than the double of this (183 thousand). At the same time the number of women employed in trade and in the catering industry grew by 53 thousand (43 percent), the number of women operating mechanical handling equipments and manipulators rose by 12 thousand (18 percent), and the number of industrial worker women increased by 20 thousand (4 percent). The diverging direction and extent of the changes in the staff numbers meant, the considerable growth in the proportion of those employed in the industry, trade and catering industry and the decrease in the proportion of those employed in agriculture, among the active ear-a&r manual women. Today 73 percent of the employees in trade and catering industry are women, the proportion of women is higher than the average ameng the mechanical handlers and manipulators, among the other manuals and amogng iKe agricultural manuals. Among the various occupations there are traditionally female occupations, like textile occupations or shop assistants, in which the proportion of women was decisive. And there are such occupations in which earlier the vast majority of the employed were men, and which are now becoming more and more female dominated. Such is for example the typographer among the printers, in which twenty years ago the proportion of the women was only somewhat more than one tenth, and today they constitute the majority, another such occupation is the hairdresser in the service sector, in which the proportion of women was 40 percent in 1960, and today the proportion of women is 84 percent. The progress of technology brought about the formation of new occupations, in which women constitute the decisive proportion, such are for example the kinescope assembler, the computer operator, the data puncher, and the winder, the majority of the pursuers of these occupations are women (88, 85 and 81 percent respectively). Their occupations in the printing industry in which more than four fifths of the employed are women, such are the book binder, card maker, and xerox operator. The number of nonmsnuals increased by 296-thousand in the past decade, 101 thousand out of this increase appeared in the health and culture field where the lack of labour force is general, the staff number of the technical occupations grew by 72 thousand. This meant a decrease in the earlier fast growth in the employees of technical occupations, but the increase in the staff number of health and culture accelerated (between 1960 and 1970 the staff number of technical occupations grew almost twofold, the staff number of health and culture grew by 2 7 percent, in the past decade the staff number of the former grew by only 23 percent and of the later by two fifths). The number of workers in administration, economy, accounting and management grew one-and-a-half-fold in the sixties, and later in the seventies the pace of the increase considerably lessened (since 1970 the staff number of administration and economy grew by only one fifth, the staff number of accounting and management grew by only 16 percent). The composition of the nonmanual active earners by occupational groups Number (in 1 000) Percentage Index: Occupational group 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 1980 197 0=100.0 Technical Administration, economy Health and culture Accounting, management Total 160 220 2 03 239 822 307 325 259 362 1 253 379 391 360 419 1 549 19.4 26. 8 24. 7 29. 1 100. 0 24. 5 26. 0 20. 6 28.9 100. 0 24.4 25. 3 23. 3 27. 0 100. 0 123. 3 120. 3 139. 5 115. 6 123. 6 The proportion of women among the nonmanual active earners is very high, 58 percent, although they constituted the majority in this group already 10 years earlier. The proportion of women is even higher if we take it into consideration that at the beginning of 1980 there were 107 thousand nonmanual women on child-care-allowance. After accounting for them the proportion of women in nonmanual occupations is 60 percent. 100