Conservation around the Millennium (Hungarian National Museum, 2001)
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NOTES 1 Robinson, H. R. 1975 The Armour of Imperial Rome. Levanthal, London. Here I would like to mention that actually they are the two parts of a single helmet that protected the face and the neck, which were usually joined by leather straps. 2 László Kocsis: 1994 Római védőeszközök Pannóniában, pajzsok, sisakok. [Roman defence armour in Pannónia, shields, helmets] Candidate's dissertation, Budapest. 101 pp. 3 Lászó Kocsis: ibid. (2) pp. 111-112. 4 István Delhaes (Pest, 19. August 1845 - Vienna, 18. April, 1901) was an amateur painter and art collector. For some time he was restorer in the Lichtenstein Gallery in Vienna. He bequeathed his rich collection of antiquities, cuttings and paintings to the Hungarian state. These art objects can be found to date in the Hungarian National Museum, the Museum of Applied Arts and the Museum of Fine Arts. Géza Nagy: Hadtörténelmi Gyűjtemény. [War historical collection] In: A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum múltja és jelene. Az Érem- és Régiségtár 8. [Past and present of the Hungarian National Museum. Department of Coins and Antiquities 8.] Budapest, 1902, pp. 27. 5 József Hampel: Antik emlékek [Classical remnants] Ibid. 4, p.31. 6 Katalin T. Bruder: 1984 Egy I. sz.-i aquincumi sisak restaurálása. [Restoration of an Aquincum helmet from the 1st century.] Budapest Régiségei XXV. Statisztikai Kiadó Vállalat, 451-452. 7 Here I would like to express my thank for dr. Márta Járó's help (Hungarian National Museum, Conservation Department). 8 According to the results of the informative analyses the sample itself is an alloy of copper and zinc, which is covered at some places with a tin coating. The register of the metal analyses see in the appendix. 9 I myself helped György Duma in his studies in this respect. We arrived to the conclusion that the crystallisation of dehydrated gypsum with the brew of mallow and the shapes of the crystals were different from the structure that developed when the material was crystallised only in water. Binding became extremely slow, gypsum hardened to the solidity of bone and became, to a certain degree, elastic after binding and drying. 10 As far as I know the “UHU plus 200” glue was used from the 1960’s. Researchers bought it during their study trips abroad. 11 It was made with cerezine in a way that the conserving material was kept in an autoclave in a temperature of 120 °C for 24 hours. The material was entirely soaked and the object could not get in contact with the air. The greatest drawbacks are the following: the effectiveness of conservation is less than mediocre and not aesthetic since in most of the cases the material was not properly cleaned and prepared; it falsifies the finer surfaces; it attracts dust; it leaves a spot of grease in exhibition cases; it cannot be glued or filled in, except for some modern materials. It was Győző Baki’s patent, who was head of department in the Hungarian National Museum (1902-1972). Cerezine is a white, scentless material similar of beeswax, which consists of large molecule paraffin-hydrocarbons. It does not rancidify. 12 1 kg colophony, 50 g beeswax, 950 g talcum cooked to a uniform consistency. It was generally used in a rod shape. Gy. Baki’s patent. 13 Epoxy type resin. Producer: P+M Polimer Kémia Kft. Budapest. 14 Epoxy type resin. Producer: P+M Polimer Kémia Kft. Budapest. 15 Ágnes Szőke, dr. Zoltán Lukács: 1993 Methods of tin-plating in the Avar Age. The problems of cleaning tinned bronzes. Cultural Heritage and Restorer in the Changing World. 8th International Restorer Seminar, Sárospatak, 169-173. 16 The settlement had several names: Dunapentele, Sztálinváros, now Dunaújváros. 17 Zsolt Vissy summed up Intercisa’s history in a descriptive study: Intercisa - A római kori Dunaújváros. [Intercisa - Dunaújváros in the Roman Period.] Budapest, Corvina, 1977. 18 József Kemény refit 4 of the about 15 fragmentary, burnt helmets. The rest of the fragments were probably thrown out being too poorly preserved. 19 Dr. Antal Hekler: Római sisakok Dunapenteléröl. [Roman helmets from Dunapentele.] Archaeológiai Értesítő XXXI. (1911) 253. 20 László Kocsis: ibid. (2) 82-86. 21 To date Március 15. Square. 22 József Hampel: Ókori sisak. [Helmet from the Antiquity] Archaeológiai Értesítő XX (1900) 361. 23 József Hampel: ibid. 367. 24 Determination by Annamária T. Németh. I would like to thank her for the help. 25 Géza Nagy (1855-1915) was an eminent personality of scientific life at the turn of the century. From 1875, with some pauses, he was one of the senior collaborators of the Hungarian National Museum. 26 Géza Nagy: Az Eskü téri sisak. [Helmet from the Eskü square.] Budapest Régiségei 7. (1900) 67-83. 27 The process see above. (10) 70
