Kovacsics József: A történeti statisztika forrásai (Budapest, 1957)

Angol nyelvű összefoglaló

the public income of the community (classified by sources of income), its public debt (12 various data) and the number of deserted sessions in the community. The Gubernium (the highest administrative and jurisdictional authority of Transylvania) was instructed to carry out the conscription by the Order of the Queen (Maria Theresia) dated March 19, 1780. The author discusses in detail the practical problems of the conscription which emerged partly in connection with the instructions of the Royal Order mentioned above and partly in the course of practical work. The main problems were: the border line between landed gentry and such nobles who were taxable; tax exemptions of the clergy; the classification of gubernial and higher officials, treasury and municipal clerks; the problems connected with the conscription of various groups and corporations having special juridical status; the question of the size of the tenements and that of the conscription of houses; family problems (e. g. young married couples living and farming together with their parents etc.); the transitional forms between allodial and serf-land; the problems of tenants and share tenants; landowners having title to their land on the right of mortgage; the land possessors living in other communities or in other municipalities; the problems of clearingland and of areas bringing subnormal yields; the registration of sown areas, orchards, pot gardens, vineyards etc.; the registration of craftsmen, merchants, migrant workers, beggars and have-nots; the registration of public property and income and, finally, the establishment of the 1748—49 tax situation. The author refers to resistance symptoms which arose, locally or at the Diet, against the conscription. Then he deals with the practical application of the collected data (the conscription served as a basis for the new tax system, the so-called "Systhema Bethlenianum"). He briefly mentions the questions of the filling-up of conscriptional tables. Finally, he exposes the possibilities connected with the historico-statistical elaboration of this conscription which may be considered as unique in its period and territory. In the first place, he stresses the importance of analyses from the point of view of historical economic geography and demography, and also of compilations containing numerical evaluations concerning the size of farms, the methods of farming, the structure of the taxable agricultural population according to their juridical status and the use of means of production. The second, shorter part of the study is dealing with the urbarial conscription which was carried out in Transylvania in 1819—20, the so-called "Conscriptio Czirákyana". This archival material is the product of a frustrated attempt to urbarial regulation. The urbarial regulation of Maria Theresia was namely not extended to Transylvania and the relations between landlord and serf remained without any general State regulation till the abolition of the serfdom in 1848. Antecedents of this attempt of regulation reach back as far as to 1813; the Royal Order about the carrying-out of the regulation and the preparatory conscription was dated from May 17, 1819. The principles of the conscription were in fact identical with those of the urbarial conscription in Flungary. Its first part consists of data concerning the statute services of the serfs, the methods of farming applied in the community, the amount of crops, the marketing places in the neighbourhood, the communal properties and rights, the size of land, the eventual annual redistribution of land, woodland and the free selling and buying of land. This material was systematically and uniformly classified on the basis of the so-called "nine questions". In the second part the size (whole, half, quarter) and the quality of the individual serfs' tenements and the size of the arable land and meadows were registered in tabular form.