Kovacsics József: A történeti statisztika forrásai (Budapest, 1957)

Angol nyelvű összefoglaló

the live-stock; this in some years leads to the development of the tabular form. The next turning-point will be found at the end of the 18th century: following an order of the Treasury, exact and uniform stock-takings had to be effected concerning the territories freed from Turkish domination. Finally, the regulation of urbana which was begun in 1767 resulted in a uniform system throughout the country. Several thousand of urbaria have been left over concerning Hungarian territory; but, before the 1767 regulation, very rarely were urbaria drawn up at one point of time for a coherent territory larger than one estate. As far as the period of Turkish domination is concerned, the histórico-statistical value of the urbaria is greater than of any other source. With the help of various methods of historical statistics, we may establish in many cases data concerning the number, density and natural growth of population in certain regions and the symptoms of migration, devastation, contagions, urban concentration etc. We may draw a picture of the nationality structure, of the size categories of land properties, of the changes in the possession of estates, as well as of the property status, juridical, social and occupational structure of the peasantry and, finally, we may derive very detailed statistical material regarding contemporary agriculture, taxes and feudal sevices. Students concerned with various branches of statistics related to industry, finance, prices, commerce, criminality, health, culture and housing or even to the history of measures may find in the urbaria more or less material for their investigations. The study ends up by presenting a few examples as to how the data of urbaria may be used for statistical purposes of economic history. THE CONSCRIPTIONS OF 1715 AND 1720. The nation-wide tax conscriptions of 1715 and 1720 which were the first to register the population of the country freed from Turkish domination are well-known, much used and valuable sources to students of Hungarian history. Their data were made widely known by the Central Statistical Office which had them elaborated and published in 1896, under the title "The Population of Hungary in the Age of the Pragmática Sanctio, 1720—21". This publication contains all numerically accessible data of the conscriptions in well-arranged tables. The number of the taxable households (classified by social structure), the extent of land cultivated by the members of such households (classified by branches of cultivation), their income deriving from handicrafts, manufacture and commerce, the number of mills etc. are summarised by counties and communities. In the publication an effort was also made to clear up the nationality of the population on the basis of a linguistic analysis of names. The published material could not dwell upon the information furnished by other parts of the conscriptions in the form of texts, concerning the quantity of crops, the quality of land, the extent of woodland, the geographical situation of the villages, the marketing possibilities of products, the proprietary rights of mill-ownrs and many other facts which were considered as important for the purposes of tax assessment. The works of the publication were led by Ignác Acsády. He, as the first commentator of this source, made also an attempt to estimate the population of the country on the basis of this material. The conscriptions do not contain data concerning the nobles, the clergy, the teachers, the non-taxable poor and the servants working on allodial estates; out of the taxable population only the heads of families were counted. Acsády endeavoured to establish, by complicated computations, the number of the part of population which was not registered. He extended his investigations also to some territories which did not fall under the conscription, i. e. to Transylvania