Marisia - Maros Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve 34-35. (2014-2015)
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Medieval stili from Romania 113 the usage of the object66 in situations, when the research does not dispose of a clear context. The geographic dispersion of the finds in today’s Romania is another valuable sign. One can find them being used in monasteries (Bizere, Frumu?eni), in urban environment (Sibiu), and even in manor houses (Himfy, Berzovia) or fortresses (Codlea). Practically they are missing only from the rural environment but still, there are signs that letter writing was taking place with these.67 In one case only, from Berzovia, the chance to link the find to the information concerning lay writing seems likely, directly to the ruling noble family.68 69 After such detailed discussion we owe a few historic conclusions. Everyone that has dealt with the history of writing in Romania almost never had anything else to note on Latin writing, besides parchment and paper, then on hard and durable materials (medieval epigraphy). Medieval wax tablets were presumed to have existed in schools but they have never been seen just as they were not mentioned by written sources. All this, in the time when the Roman tablets had just been found in the abandoned mines of the Apuseni Mountains. If one really wants to find the medieval wax tablets, they can be found. One can see, for example, that in some cases they were bound together just as the sheets of a book.64 These were used in a Slavic environment as well, such as Novgorod (Russia).70 Suddenly, another form of writing of Roman origins found its lost place. The iron tools were cheap and easy to produce, and a smith could be found almost everywhere. The problematic is still open for debate since the same sources that provided the analogies, inform us that independent erasers’ existed, designed for wax tablets.71 Those did not resemble the ‘hairpins’ but more the ‘spindle whorls’. We have opened another subject, also driven by the archaeological finds from Frumu?eni, to which we promise to get back to in detail. 66 See the case of two finds in the form of decorated needles, but with different dimensions, discovered at Buda. See: Holl 2005, 64, Abb. 28/2-3. 67 See the letter of Margareta Dóczy addressed to her serfs on her estate from Banat: Diplome 2014, 136-137. 68 Popa-Gorjanu 2006, 63-69. 69 Tremp et al. 2003, 101 (probably from the 15th century). 70 We specify the ones from Novgorod: Rybina 1992a, 166. 71 6th and 7th century Rome: Delogu et al. 2001, 407; 14lh century Lübeck: Jaritz 1986, 172, Abb. 217. References Anghel - Bläjan 1977 Gh. Anghel - M. Bläjan, Säpäturile arheologice de la Sinmicläu? (com. §ona, jud. Alba) 1974, Apulum 15, 1977, 285-307. Artimon 1998 A. Artimon, Civilizapa medievalä urbanä din secolele XIV-XVII (Bacäu, Tg. Trotuy Adjud) (Ia?i 1998) Bakay 2011 K. Bakay, Somogyvár. Szent Egyed-monostor. A somogyvári bencés apátság és védműveinek régészeti feltárása, 1972-2009 (Budapest 2011) Beranová - Lutovsky 2009 M. Beranová - M. Lutovsky, Slované v Cehach. Archeologie 6.-12. století (Praha 2009) Bitterli-Waldvogel 2006 Th. Bitterli-Waldvogel, Archäologische Befunde zur mittelalterlichen Schreibtätigkeit, in: J. Zeune (Hrsg.), Alltag auf Burgen im Mittelalter. Wissenshaftliches Kolloqium des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats der Deutschen Burgenvereinigung Passau 2005, Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Burgenvereinigung B/10 (Braubach 2006) Bounegru - Bodog 2012 G. Bounegru - A. Bodog, Seris ?i inseris - instrumente de scris, in: Intre util si estetic - scrisul la Apulum. Exhibition catalogue Alba Iulia (Alba Iulia 2012) Ciugudean 1997 D. Ciugudean, Obiectele din os, corn ?i filde? de la Apulum (Alba Iulia 1997) Constantinescu 1972 N. Constantinescu, Coconi: un sat din Cämpia Romänä ín epoca lui Mircea cél Bátrán (Bucure?ti 1972) Crfingaci-ffiphc 2007 M. E. Crängaci-Jiplic, Obiecte speciale, in: D. Marcu-Istrate, Sibiu: Pia|a Huet. Monografie arheologicäl (Alba Iulia 2007) 103-112, 137-152. Czeglédy 1988 I. Czeglédy, A diósgyőri vár (Budapest 1988) Davidescu 1978 M. Davidescu, Cetatea Grádetului, Drobeta 1978, 114-123. Delogu et al. 2001 P. Delogu, Roma in etá bizantina, in: M. S. Arena - P. Delogu - L. Paroli - M. Ricci - L. Sagui - L. Vendittelli (eds.), Roma dalFAntichitá al Medioevo. Archeológia e storia nel Museo Nazionale Romano-Crypta Balbi (Roma-Milano 2001) 252-443. Diplome 2014 Diplome privind istoria comitatului Timi? ?i a ora?ului Timisoara. Oklevelek Temesvármegye és Temesvár város történetéhez II. 1430-1470 (Cluj- Napoca 2014) Dragomir 1973 I. T. Dragomir, Cetatea medievalä de la Enisala. Unelte, arme ?i obiecte de podoabá, Danubius 6-7, 1972-1973,29-48.
