Marisia - Maros Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve 33/4. (2013)
Articles
Churchyards in the Transylvanian Basin from the 11th to the first half of the 13th centuries 161 influence through the Moravians .111 B. M. Szőke, following B. Szőke, argues that the custom was reintroduced .112 It seems certain that this custom became more widespread in the 11th century, yet there is substantial amount of evidence from the 10th century as well. Based on the data provided by L. Kovács, 56 cases have been identified in the Carpathian Basin. One of the earliest examples is grave in cemetery II at Karos. According to Kovácss theory, the Hungarians may have brought this custom with them from the E .113 Burials with oboli first appear in the southern part of the Partium and in the Banat in the 10th century (Siclau-Gropocne: Graves 7 and 9, Uivar-Grave X) and later this practice spread towards E appearing in the Transylvanian Basin. This process is indicated by graves with the coins of Stephen I in them. As for the origin of the custom, we can accept László Kovácss suggestion; i. e. the custom of giving oboli was introduced by the conquering Hungarians, with some precautions in the light of a N-S orientated grave with an obulus in Uivar114 and the finds near the Lower Danube (e.g. the graves with oboli in Sultana ).115 Instead, the author suspects a custom coming from two directions: E (the conquering Hungarians) and SE (a cultural influence from the Lower Danube region ).116 Coins, as oboli, were found in 12 cemeteries. It may be the most difficult task to decide whether the coins found in different locations can be interpreted as oboli or part of fashion elements. They are to be found on four body parts: 1. Near the skull, in the skull, in the mouth: 40 cases; 2. On the chest: 5 cases; 3. On or under the pelvis: 0 cases; 4. Near the hands or placed in the hands: 7 cases. Coins - probably oboli - were found in the following cemeteries used in the 1 l-12lh/first half of the 13th centuries: Almasu (H73), Alba Iulia-Koman Catholic Cathedral,117 Alba Iulia-111 Kolníková 1967, 214-216. 112 Szőke - Vándor 1987, 77-78. 113 Kovács 2004b, 46-47. 114 Gáli 2013c, Vol. I: 505, Vol. II: 274. táb. 1. 115 Fiedler 1992, 170. 116 Gáli 2004-2005, 373; Gáli 2013c, Vol. I: 616, 877. 117 From graves excavated in 1953: H47a, H73, H91, H124, Hl 83; from graves excavated in 1965: denarii from Coloman the Learned (1095-1116), Stephen II (1116-1131), Béla II the Blind (1131-1141), Géza II (1141-1161), Stephen III (1162-1172), Béla III (1172-1196); from graves excavated in 1973: H91 from C Villa 7, H138 from C Villa 3, anonym denarius from C Villa 8; from graves excavated in 1974: H32 from C Villa 7, H32 from С XI4, H32 from С XI Grave 6, H49 from С XI 8, H66a from С VIII, H92 from С XI 4, Roman Bath: Grave 46 and another grave (H73 and Béla II [1131-1141]), Giläu: Grave 5 (H73), Chidea unknown number of the graves (Béla II the Blind [1131-1141], Ladislaus II [1162-1163]), Cluj-Napoca-Mónósfwr: Grave 9 (PI. 10.2), 53 (Pi. 13. 3), 121 (PI. 16. 1), 137 (PI. 19. 19) and 158 (PI. 18. 2),118 119 Däbäca-A. Tämas’s garden next to the Grave 38 (H89) (Pl. 38B. 5),119 Dräuseni: Grave 4 and graves from 1994,120 Moldovenesti-l/m'fanun Church,121 Moigrad (H49, H50, H53, H56, H66a, H73 (2), H76, H81, HI 13, H124), Moresti ,122 Streisängeorgiu: Grave 46, 57 and a disturbed grave ,123 Geoagiu de Jos: Graves 4,8, 10, 24, 40,41, 42, 59 ,124 Rodna ,125 Sirioara - unknown number of the grave ,126 Viscri (H149, HI 54). The coin belonging to Grave 1 Däbäca- Castle Area IV was found quite a long way away from these burials to be considered obulus. The treasure from Sighisoara-Deaffi/ Viilor: Grave 28.B, which contains 37 coins, can not be introduced in oboli category (H69 [35 pieces], H127 [2 pieces]). The graves containing coins in the Däbäca- Castle Area IV cemetery (Graves 34, 39, 53, 79, 188, 190, 391 and 483) are located in its central part except Grave 39, which is dated by an anonym 12lh century coin. This one indicates that in the case of the churchyards, the horizontal analyses simultaneously have to be done combined with vertical analyses. The above mentioned grave also indicates that the outer parts of the cemetery were used with the central sections at the same time. HI 18 from C XI2 Grave 3,H118 from C XII7, H150 from C XII 8; from graves excavated in 1975: H150 from C XIII 5/6 Grave 10, H54 from C Villa 5/6, H67from C XIII 3, HI 17-H122 from C Villa 4, H124 from C Villa 5/6, H148 from C XIII 7, H161 from C Villa 4, H161 from C Villa 6, H164 from C XIII 4; from graves excavated in 1976: H56 from X XVIII 3 Grave ?, H72 from X XVIII 3 Grave 71, H148 from C XVIII 2, HI 74 from C XVIII 3, anonym denarius from C XVII 1; anonym denarii from graves excavated in 2000/2001. 118 Grave 9: НШ; Grave 53: Я95; Grave 121: H106, Grave 137: anonym denarius; Grave 158: H96. 119 Next to the Grave 38: H89; Trench/1966-9,20 metres: coin issued by Béla II (1131-1141) (?). 120 Grave 4: H161; coin from graves excavated in 1994: HI 64. 121 Coins from Ladislaus I (1077-1095) (1), Coloman the Learned (1095-1116) (l),Béla II (1131-1141) (2), Árpádian coin (1). 122 The stray coins issued by Stephen II (1116-1131) and Béla II (1131-1141) were found on the surface'Fläche В’. The finds have not been published, their types cannot be identified. 123 Grave 46: H99\ disturbed Grave: H140. 124 Coins from Ladislaus I (1077-1095) (Grave 41) and Coloman the Learned (1095-1116) (Graves 4, 8, 10, 24, 40, 42, 59). 125 One anonym denar from the 12th century. 126 Anonym denar from the 12th century.
