Tudományszervezési Tájékoztató, 1976

1. szám - Bibliográfia

universities financed by the universities or by the government, and also researches outside the universities financed from various sources. The definition of science policy in the mentioned fields is going on in various organizational structures. To strengthen relations between the individual researches, national research programs are drawn up, so-called sectoral councils are set up, and research coordinators are appointed within the ministries. In the science budget, a strong emphasis is laid upon the functional allocation. Priority is given to those fields which are aimed at solving problems affecting society as a whole. DYNAMIC INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BASE IN TELECOMMUNICATION IN HUNGARY The foundations of the research base of Hungarian machine industry were laid in the early fifties. It was also 25 years ago that the country's largest industrial research institute, the Research Institute for Telecommunication was established to become, over the past two and a half decades, the research base of the Hungarian telecommunication industry. The research work going on in the institute is brought into harmony with the national target-oriented research programs, and is relying on the results of researches conducted in the framework of international research cooperation. Research results achieved in the institute are widely applied by the Hungarian electronics industry, and the resulting products are exported to a significant extent. The sudden development in electronics industry has made it imperative over the past few years to change the research methods. In its systems designing work, the institute applies the results achieved by its computation technique research programme. This makes it possible to adopt more up-to-date construction principles, to meet the requirements of economy, and to lessen the transit time considerably. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION IN GREAT BRITAIN Despite her high-level expenditures on R+D, Britain is lagging behind developed industrial countries of similar magnitude as regards the most important indices of industrial and global economic growth. The problem lies in the way of utilization rather than in the magnitude of amounts expended on R+D. Sums spent on industrialpurpose R+D are small, nor is appropriate the allocation of funds for purely industrial R+D. Vainly do certain narrow fields achieve outstanding results, only significant development in the important branches of industry may effect the whole economy. Certain shortcomings are to be seen in the structure of economy, thus, e.g., export cannot keep pace with the increasing import necessitated by the neglected fields, and all this is connected with the balance of payments as a recurring problem. The high-level achievements of R+D do not automatically involve their successful application. The effort necessary to a good R+D activity may increase at least tenfold or even hundredfold while the invention will turn into a marketable product. The number of really ingenious researchers is low, thus what is needed is the cooperation of good designers, production engineers, quality control experts and market researchers. Only this makes capital investment rewarding. Fruitful production effecting the given industrial branch as well as the whole economy can be realized only if the above-mentioned factors are all ensured. ETHICAL REGULATORS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF SCIENCE Merton was the first to try precisely to define the institutional imperatives which constitute the scientific ethos. He defined four norms: universalism, collectivism, unselfishness, organized scepticism. This was completed by Barber with two more norms: rationalism and emotional neutrality. 141