É. Apor (ed.): David Kaufmann Memorial Volume: Papers Presented at the David Kaufmann Memorial Conference, November 29, 1999, Budapest.

DAVID, Abraham: Historical Sources in the Kaufmann Collection: The Case of the Expulsion from the Papal States (1569)

HISTORICAL SOURCES IN THE KAUFMANN COLLECTION A later Hebrew source, dating from the early seventeenth century, also mentions the expulsion. This source - the anonymous corrector of Joseph ha-Kohen's 'Emeq ha-Bakha - raises two additional points not found in the earlier accounts: (1) Before issuing the expulsion order, the Pope consulted with his close advisers, the cardinals. The cardinals, fearing the harmful effects of the expulsion, advised against it. The Pope, however, rejected their advice. (2) The Pope accepted the appeal of the rulers of Ancona to exclude this city from the expulsion decree because of the central role the Jews played in the economy of this port city. The text follows: .rnraann PR "73 PS ton DTirpn to ns unto cmn©nn to to tan nsv ©PI xVi xnto XJXI DTO rnx xini ,x-ipn xvup mntop ,p moto pan xb VTO vrax

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1? He held a council and suggested to the cardinals that all the Jews be expelled from the Romagna region. They advised him not to do so, saying it would bring harm to the kingdom. He replied: "I am the ruler and no one may oppose my power." Upon his orders it was announced in all the cities of his kingdom that in three months' time every Jew must leave all the cities of his kingdom, with the exception of Rome. Even Ancona was included in the decree. The people and nobles of Ancona went to him, declaring that it was to his advantage and profit to leave the Jews there because they controlled trade and he received a great deal of revenue from them due to their trade with other countries and with Turkey. Because of this trade the Jews had an excellent reputation and he yielded to their request. Then all the Jews left Romagna and scattered over Ferrara, Mantua, Pesaro, and Urbino, and all the cities of Tuscany as well as in the region of Milan. They left their houses, and their fields and vineyards fell to strangers; they offered their residences as they were for less than half their worth. And the Jews were impoverished.

1

2 Additional Hebrew sources, including documents preserved in several Jewish communal archives, contemporary responsa, and at least two dozen letters, reflect the 1

2 Emeq ha-Bakha. 100. 31