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Pin-beater or distaff, radius or colus?

Textile production and the water level of Lake Balaton in the 4th century

Number of essays of Judit Pásztókai-Szőke was interested in weaving tools made of iron in 4th century. The appearance and spreading of these tools can be attributed to Galerius, as a part of a vast agricultural investment fulfilled over several decades. The study tries to prove that this plan did not exist.

In 292, Galerius had water management done at Lake Balaton, but based on archaeological data, the water level did not significantly reduce. The aim was to stop the water level rise caused by the climate change to protect lakeside towns and fields in the turn of the 2-3 century.

Written data proves that the Romans deployed carps to Southern-Transdanubia, to Valeria province, as well. The analysis of the sources show, it could have taken place in more steps and the majority of them were deployed into the province after 303, so the cause of the deployment was not the water drainage works.

The identification of toothed weft beater, lat. pectin, is right, but the pointed iron rod considered to be a radius is not a pin beater for fixing the warp, it was a distaff, lat. colus. This tools could have not been used

for knotting carpets or patterned materials, they were suitable for making burlap to store and transport grain.

The use of the inner fortresses - which were built during at least 2 different periods - was not only the storage of the increased grain production from the drained fields of Southern-Transdanubia, thus we know about simi lar buildings in other provinces. Ambrosius’s data (the Bishop of Milan) about the transportation of grains from Pannónia to the drought-stricken Italy cannot be generalized. On the basis of archeobotanical examinations, they could also store import grain in the big horreums. The limited water draining did not allow to enable a permanent water link between Lake Balaton and the Danube, as the narrow and shallow waterways next to Ságvár, Alsóheténypuszta and the Fortress of Környe were neither suitable for shipping and especially transporting goods. They only suppose about the Canal Sárvíz next to Tác that it could be suitable for boats, however there are no archaeological evidences about it. The theory, based on the textile manufacture’s tools made of iron, does not pass the critics’ test.

Translated by Veronika Nagy